Exam 3 Flashcards
experimental designs
designs involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable
two-group pretest- posttest design
subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group and are measured before and after the intervention
two-group posttest only design
subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental or control group and measured only after the intervention
Solomon four-group design
experimental design with four groups- some receive the intervention, others serve as controls; some are measured before and after, others are measured only after the intervention
multiple experimental groups designs
experimental design using two or more experimental groups with one control group
factorial designs
allows researchers to manipulate more than one intervention
crossover design
uses two or more treatments; subjects receive treatments in random order
quasi-experimental design
involves the manipulation of the independent variable but lacks either random assignment to groups or a control group
nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design
quasi-experimental design where two groups are measured before and after an intervention
time series design
quasi experimental design where one group is measured prior to administering the intervention and then multiple time after the intervention
one-group posttest only design
preexperimental design involving one group and a posttest with little control over extraneous variables
nonequivalent-groups posttest-only design
preexperimental design involving two groups measured after an intervention with little control for extraneous variables
preexperimental
posttest-only design that involves manipulation of the independent variable but lacks control for extraneous variables
nonexperimental design
design that lacks manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment
descriptive designs
provide a picture of a situation as it is naturally happening without manipulation of any of the variables
exploratory design
nonexperimental design; used when little is known about a phenomenon
comparative designs
descriptive design; compares two or more groups or variables
survey design
descriptive design; involves data obtained through subjects self-report
correlational designs
used to study relationships among two or more variables
covary
when change in one variable is associated with change in another variable
descriptive correlational design
used to explain the relationship among the variables or groups using a nondirectional hypothesis
predictive correlational design
researchers hypothesize which variables are predictors or outcomes
model testing
correlational design; tests a hypothesized theoretical model
translational research
research for the purpose of linking research findings to the point of care
community-based participatory action research
active involvement of community members throughout the research process
health services research
research involving phenomena, such as cost, political factors, and culture, r/t the delivery of health care
t statistic
inferential statistical test to determine whether a statistically significant difference between 2 groups exists
correlated t test
a variation of the t test used when there is only one group or when groups are related; (also called “paired t test”)
independent t test
a variation of the t test used when data values vary independently from one another
analysis of variance (ANOVA)
inferential statistical test used when the level of measurement is interval or ratio and more than two groups are being compared
dissemination
communication of clinical research findings to transition new knowledge to the point of care
posters
a scholarly venue for disseminating evidence
networking
interacting with colleagues to exchange information and build relationships
call for abstracts
notices publicizing the desire for posters or presentations at conferences
presentations
scholarly oral presentation to disseminate new knowledge
papers
manuscripts published in professional journals
authorship
list of authors in an order that reflects the amount of their contributions
manuscript
scholarly paper prior to its publication
The 3Ps of dissemination are…
posters, papers, presentations
scholarly paper prior to its publication
manuscript
the communication of clinical, research, and theoretical findings for the purpose of transitioning new knowledge to the point of care
dissemination
type of content typically included in EBP posters
PICO question
notices are also called
calls for abstracts
what is a barrier to dissemination?
reliance on traditional methods such as posters, papers, and presentations
T/F: A major advantage of poster presentations over other methods is that opportunities for networking exist
true
the cycle of scientific development is an important phase in:
dissemination
T/F: evidence-based practice cannot be successful if nurses fail to read or hear about new knowledge
true
T/F: from any library websites, we can easily accessible electronic journals.
false: most libraries fall short of providing an effective platform for electronic journals
hypothesis testing
collection of objectively measurable data that are gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis; empirical testing; a test for construct validity
convergent testing
a test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument known to be valid; scores of the two instruments are compared, and strong, positive correlations indicate good validity
divergent testing
test for construct validity in which new instruments are administered at the same time as an instrument measuring the opposite of the concept; scores of the two instruments are compared, and strong negative correlations indicate good validity
parametric
inferential statistical test involving interval- or ratio- level data to make inferences about the population
nonparametric
inferential statistics involving nominal- or ordinal- level data to make inferences about the population
degrees of freedom
a statistical concept used to refer to the number of sample values that are free to vary; n - 1
ANOVA stands for…
analysis of variance
df
degrees of freedom
F
Fisher’s F ratio
ns
nonsignificant
p
probability
r
Pearson product-moment correlation
R
multiple correlation
R^2
multiple correlation squared
t
computed value of t test
α
alpha; probability of type I error
β
beta; probability of type II error
Δ
delta; amount of change
Σ
sigma; sum or summation
X^2
chi square
how many types of true experimental designs are commonly reported in the scientific literature?
1) two-group pretest-posttest
2) two-group posttest only
3) Solomon four-group
4) multiple experimental groups
5) factorial
6) crossover designs
the term “randomized controlled trial” describes:
an experimental study that is conducted in healthcare settings
T/F: nonexperimental designs cannot be used to develop and test theories
False
determining the strategies to effectively organize, manage, finance, and deliver high-quality care are the goals of:
health services research
a researcher is testing radiation in women with breast cancer. ideally, the researcher should select the dose of radiation that obtains the desired effects with the least amount of side effects. here the goal is to:
maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks
