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EBP Research Class > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

experimental research design

A
  • used for the purpose of examining causality
  • researchers actively manipulate the independent variable to determine its effect on the dependent variable
  • involve randomization and control groups
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2
Q

nonexperimental research design

A

-used for the purpose of describing a phenomenon in detail, explaining relationships and differences among variables, and predicting relationships and differences among variables

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3
Q

causality

A

relationship between a cause and its effect

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4
Q

probability

A

likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation

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5
Q

control

A

ability to manipulate, regulate, or statistically adjust for the multitude of factors that can influence the dependent variable

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6
Q

extraneous variables

A

factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; confounding variable; Z variable

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7
Q

bias

A

extraneous variables influence the relationship btwn the independent and dependent variables

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8
Q

randomization

A

the selection, assignment, or arrangement of elements by chance

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9
Q

random sampling

A

technique for selecting elements whereby each has the same chance of being selected

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10
Q

random assignment

A

assignment technique in which subjects have an equal chance of being in either the treatment or the control group

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11
Q

between-groups design

A

study design where two groups of subjects can be compared

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12
Q

within-groups design

A

comparisons are made about the same subjects at two or more points in time or on two or more measures

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13
Q

study validity

A

ability to accept results as logical, reasonable, and justifiable based on the evidence presented

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14
Q

internal validity

A

degree to which one can conclude that the independent variable produced changes in the dependent variable

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15
Q

selection bias

A
  • threat to internal validity that occurs when the change in the DV is a result of differences in the characteristics of subjects before they entered a study rather than a result of the IV
  • can be minimized somewhat by the use of random assignment to groups
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16
Q

threats

A

forces that can change the result of a study

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17
Q

history

A
  • threat to internal validity
  • occurs when the DV may have been influenced by some event other than the IV that occurred during the course of the study
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18
Q

maturation

A
  • threat to internal validity

- when subects change by growing or maturing

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19
Q

testing

A
  • threat to internal validity

- when a pretest influences the way subjects respond to a post test

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20
Q

instrumentation

A
  • threat to internal validity

- when there are inconsistencies in data collection

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21
Q

mortality

A
  • threat to internal validity

- when there is a loss of subjects before the study is completed; attrition rate

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22
Q

attrition rate

A

dropout rate; loss of subjects before the study is completed

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23
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

the degree that the results of the statistical analysis reflect the true relationship among the independent and dependent variables

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24
Q

type II error

A

when researchers inaccurately conclude that there is no relationship among the independent and dependent variables when an actual relationship does exist; when the researcher accepts the null when it should have been rejected

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25
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times

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26
Q

construct validity

A
  • threat to external validity

- when the instrument does not accurately measure the theoretical concepts

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27
Q

confounding

A
  • threat associated with construct validity
  • means there is a possible error in interpretation of the results
  • occurs when experiemental controls do not allow the researcher to eliminate possible alternative explanations for the relationship between the IV and the DV
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28
Q

reactivity

A

the influence of participating in a study on the responses of subjects; hawthorne effect

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29
Q

hawthorne effect

A

subject’s behaviors may be affected by personal values or desires to please the experimenter; reactivity

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30
Q

effects of selection

A

threats to external validity when the sample does not represent the popluation

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31
Q

interaction of treatment with selection of subjects

A
  • threat to external validity

- the independent variable might not affect individuals the same way

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32
Q

interaction of treatment and setting

A
  • threat to external validity

- an intervention conducted in one setting cannot be generalized to a different setting

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33
Q

interactions of treatment and history

A
  • threat to external validity

- historical events affect the intervention

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34
Q

retrospective designs

A

research designs when researchers look back in time to determine possible causative factors; ex post facto

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35
Q

ex post facto

A

research design in which researchers look back in time to determine causative factors; retrospective design

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36
Q

case-control

A

retrospective study in which researchers begin with a group of people who already had the disease; studies that compare two groups: those who have a specific condition and those who do not have the condition

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37
Q

cross-sectional

A

nonexperiemental design used to gather data from a group of subjects at only one point in time; study design to measure exposure and disease as each exists in a population or representative sample at one specific point in time

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38
Q

cohort comparison

A

nonexperimental cross-sectional design in which more than one group is studied at the same time so that conclusions about a variable over time can be drawn without spending as much time

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39
Q

longitudinal designs

A

designs used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time

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40
Q

prospective designs

A

studies over time with presumed causes that follow subjects to determine whether the hypothesized effects actually occur

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41
Q

panel designs

A

longitudinal design were the same subjects, drawn from the general population, provide data at multiple points in time

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42
Q

trend

A

longitudinal design to gather data from different samples across time

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43
Q

follow-up

A

longitudinal design used to follow subjects, selected for a specific characteristic or condition, into the future

44
Q

crossover design

A

experimental designs that use two or more treatments; subjects receive treatments in random order

45
Q

questionaires

A

printed instruments used to gather numerical data

46
Q

scales

A

used to assign a numeric value or score a continuum

47
Q

Likert scales

A

ordinal-level scales containing seven points on an agree or disagree continuum

48
Q

visual analog scale

A

ratio-level scale of a 100-mm line anchored on each end with words or symbols (FACES)

49
Q

physiological measures

A

data obtained from biological, chemical, and microbiological phenomena

50
Q

nominal

A

lowest level of measurement whereby data are categorized simply into groupes; categorical data

51
Q

ordinal

A

continuum of numerical values where the intervals are meant to be equal

52
Q

interval

A

continuum of numeric values with equal intervals that lacks an absolute zero value

53
Q

measurement error

A

difference btwn the true store and the observed score

54
Q

random error

A

error that occurs by chance during measurement

55
Q

systematic error

A

error that occurs in the same way with each measurement

56
Q

methodological

A

studies for the purpose of creating and testing new instruments

57
Q

psychometrics

A

development of instruments to measure psychological attributes

58
Q

validity

A

the degree that an instrument measures what it is supposed to meausure

59
Q

population

A

the entire group of elements that meet study inclusion criteria

60
Q

elements

A

basic unit of the population such as individuals, events experiences, or behaviors

61
Q

subjects

A

individuals who participate in studies, typically studies using a quantitative design

62
Q

sampling plan

A

plan to determine how the sample will be selected and recruited

63
Q

sample

A

a select group of subjects that is representative of all eligible subjects

64
Q

target population

A

all elements that meet the study inclusion criteria

65
Q

accessible population

A

the group of elements to which the researcher has reasonable access

66
Q

representativeness

A

the degree to which elements of the sample are like elements in the population

67
Q

inclusion criteria

A

characteristics that each element must possess to be included in the sample

68
Q

exclusion criteria

A

characteristics of elements that will not be included in the sample

69
Q

sampling error

A

error resulting when elements in the sample do not adequately represent the population

70
Q

sampling bias

A

a threat to external validity when a sample includes elements that over- or underrepresent characteristics when comparaed to elements in the target population

71
Q

probability sampling

A

sampling method in which elements in the accessible population have an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the study

72
Q

sampling frame

A

a list of all possible elements in the accessible population

73
Q

simple random sampling

A

randomly selecting elements from the accessible population

74
Q

stratified random sampling

A

selecting elements from an accessible population that has been divided into groups or strata

75
Q

cluster sampling

A

random sampling method of selecting elements from larger to smaller subsets of an accessible population; multistaging sampling

76
Q

systematic random sampling

A

sampling method in which every k-th element is selected from a numbered list of all elements in the accessible population; the starting point on the list is randomly selected

77
Q

sampling interval

A

the interval (k) between each element selected when using systematic random sampling

78
Q

nonprobability sampling

A

sampling methods that do not require random selection of elements

79
Q

convenience sampling

A

nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected because they are easy to access

80
Q

quota sampling

A

nonprobability sampling method used in qualitative studies to select a distinct group of individuals who either have lived the experience or have expertise in the event or experience being studied; sampling method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information

81
Q

snowball sampling

A

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

82
Q

network sampling

A

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth from other participants; snowball sampling

83
Q

theoretical sampling

A

nonprobability sampling method used in grounded theory to collect data from an initial group of participants

84
Q

homogenicity

A

the degree to which elements are similar or homogeneous

85
Q

heterogeneous

A

the degree to which elements are diverse or not alike

86
Q

attrition rate

A

dropout rate; loss of subjects before a study is completed; threat of mortality

87
Q

power analysis

A

a statistical method to determine the acceptable sample size that will best detect the true effect of the independent variable

88
Q

significance level

A

the alpha level established before the beginning of a study

89
Q

effect size

A

estimate of how large a difference will be observed between the groups

90
Q

data saturation

A

in qualitative research, the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard

91
Q

vulnerable population

A

a special group of people needing protection because of members limited ability to provide informed consent or because of their risk for coercion

92
Q

anonymity

A

keeping the names of subjects separate from data so that no one, not even the researcher, knows the subjects’ identities

93
Q

confidentiality

A

the protection of the subjects identity from everyone except the researcher

94
Q

informed consent

A

ethical practice requiring researchers to obtain voluntary participation by subjects after subjects have been informed of possible risks and benefits

95
Q

coercion

A

the threat of harm or the offer of an excessive reward with the intend to force an individual to participate in a research study

96
Q

assent

A

permission given by children to participate in research

97
Q

meta-analysis

A

a scholarly paper that combines results of studies, both published and unpublished, into a measurable format and statistically estimates the effects of proposed interventions

98
Q

practice guidelines

A

systematically developed statements to assist healthcare providers with making appropriate decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances

99
Q

statistics

A
  • the branch of mathematics that collects, analyzes, interprets, and presents numerical data in terms of samples and populations
  • the numerical outcomes and probabilities derived from calculations on raw data
100
Q

descriptive statistics

A

collection and presentation of data that explain characteristics of variables found in the sample

101
Q

inferential statistics

A

analysis of data as the basis for prediction related to the phenomenon of interest

102
Q

population parameters

A

characteristics of a population that are inferred from characteristics of a sample

103
Q

sample characteristics

A

numerical data describing characteristics of the sample

104
Q

univariate analysis

A

the use of statistical tests to provide information about one variable

105
Q

bivariate analysis

A

the use of statistics to describe the relationship between two variables

106
Q

multivariate analysis

A

the use of statistics to describe the relationships among three or more variables

EBP Research Class (3 decks)

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