Exam 3 Flashcards
Etiolating
Plants growing in the dark exhibit these characteristic s: being pale, bearing unexpended leaves, and lacking elongated roots.
Cytoplasm
Location of the receptor involved inde etiolation which is a phytochrome
Transduction
The second step in the he general model for signiling pathway. First and third are reception and response.
Second messengers
Small internally produce chemicals that transfer and amplify the signal from the receptor to proteins that cause the response
Post translation modification
Activation of existing enzyme molecules
Hormone
A compound in minute amounts in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where it triggers a response
Auxin
In a symmetrical distribution of this substance moving down from the Coleoptile
causes cells on the darker side to Elongate faster than cells on the lighter side
Relative
A plants response to a hormone usually is more dependent on its concentration _______to other hunters
Expansins
Acidification of the cell walls activate enzymes activity by acidification of cell walls brief the cross-links between cellulose microfibrils and other cell wall constituents, loosening the cell walls fabric
Gibberellins
Stimulates growth of grapes
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Blue light receptors
One of the two major classes of light receptors
Chromophore
Absorption of red light by phytochrome converts this to it’s Pfrare form
Circadian rhythm
Cycles with a frequency that is about 24 hours and not directly paste by any known environmental variable
Short day plant
A plant that requires a light period Shorter than some critical length in order to flower
Vernalization
Pretreatment of a plant with cold temperatures to induce flowering
Positive
A type of gravitropism in which growth follows the force of gravity; displayed by roots
Negative
A type of gravitropism in which growth goes against the force of gravity; displayed by shoots
Thigmotropism
Directional growth in response to touch
Ultimate
These questions address the evolutionary significance of behavioral responses
Proximate
These quesrions focus on the enviromentalsti,uli to a trigger a behavior and these genetic/physiological/anatomical mechamis, that govern the behavior
Fixed Action pattern
A sequence of unlearned behavior asts that is essentially unchangeable and is usually carried to completion
Imprinting
A type of behavior that includes both learning and innate components and it’s generally irreversible. In this behavior the young offspring can be taught to follow something other then the parent.
Taxis
A more or less automatic, oriented movement toward or away from stimulus
Kinesis
A simple change in activity in response to some stimulus
Tactile
One of several ways that animals communicate. Other ways include: ___________
Pheromones
Chemical substances important in animal communication
Habituation
A loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information
Learning
The modificatiom of behavior as a result of specific experiences
Spatial
A type of learning in which behavior is modified based on experience with the spatial structure of an environment
Associative
A type of learning in which the animals much one feature varmint, A stimulus such as color, With another, such as taste.
Optional foraging theory
Feeding behavior as a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the costs of getting food
Monogamous
A type of relationship that involves one male mating with one female
Polygamous
A type of relationship that involves an individual of one sex mating wiwith several of another sex
Polygyny
A relationship involving one male and many females
Polyandry
A relationship involving a one female and many males
Game theory
A message that evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends not only on each individual strategy but also on the strategies of other individuals
Altruism
A behavior that may reduce and individuals fitness that increase the fitness of other individuals in the population
Mate choice copying
When individuals in a population copied the main choice of others, instead of some generally preferred type
Climograph
Plot of temperature and precipitation
Abiotic
Components of an environment that include factors such as temperature,light, water, and nutrients
Ectone
An area of intergradation between one type of terrestrial ecosystem and another which may be represented by regions of overlap in climograph
Dispersal
The movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or area of origin
Thermocline
A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change that separates a uniformly warm upper layer from a uniformly cold lower layer
Distribution
The geographic range of a species
Photic
These zones receive sufficient light for photosynthesis
Aphotic
These zones are deeper and do not receive enough light for photosynthesis
Winter
Time of year when lakes in temperate regions have colder temperatures near the surface
Summer
Time of year when lakes in temperate regions have colder temperatures near the bottom
Solstice
Time of year when one of the hemispheres tilts toward the sun and one tilts away
Equinox
Time of year when the equator directly faces the sun
Benthic
This zone is at the bottom of aquatic biomes and consists of sand and organic sediments
Ecosystem
Study of the entire community of different species, plus the abiotic factors
Population
Study of factors affecting how many individuals of a particular species live in an area
Organismal
Study of how an organisms structure and physiology fit the environment
Biosphere
Study of the sum of all the planets ecosystems
Community
Study of the whole array of interacting species in a community
Streams and Rivers
Most prominent characteristic is current. Head waters have higher oxygen content and mouths have higher nutrient content.
Lakes
Consist of oligotrophic or eutrophic types; may be a few meters squared to several kilometers squared
Wetlands
An area covered with water for a long enough period to support aquatic plants
Estuaries
Transition area between rivers and seas; characterized by complex flow patterns
Oceanic Pelagic Biome
Vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed
Intertidal Zones
Periodically submerged and exposed by the tides
Marine Benthic Zone
Consists of the seafloor below the surface waters
Temperate Grasslands
Precipitation highly seasonal, cool except for summer; dominated by shrubs and small trees
Tropical Forest
Rainfall is constant and temperatures are variable seasonally and daily
Chaparral
Precipitation highly seasonal: winters cold, summers hot; dominated by grasses and forbs
Coniferous Forest
Winters cold and long; dominated by cone bearing trees
Savanna
Rainfall is seasonal, temperatures warm year-round; scattered trees
Tundra
High wind and cold temperatures are warm year round
Desert
Precipitation is low and temperatures are variable seasonally and daily
Population
A group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
Community
The group of individuals of all species living and interacting in the same general area
Density
The number of individuals per unit area or volume
Dispersion
The pattern of spacing among individuals with boundaries of the population
Immigration
The influx of new individuals from other areas
Emigration
The movement of individuals out of a population
Uniform
A type of dispersion exhibited by animals as a result of antagonistic interactions
Life Tables
Age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population
Cohorts
Groups of individuals of the same age
Semelparity
Demonstrated by organisms that save up for a long-period of time and produce a big, one shot effort of reproduction
Iteroparity
This zone is at the bottom of aquatic biomes and consists of sand and organic sediments
Exponential
Population growth under ideal conditions
Logistic
A type of population growth in which the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached
Density Dependent
Describes a death rate that rises as population density rises. Factors causing this type of response include
Restoration ecology
Applies ecological principles in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to their natural pre degraded state
Conservation Biology
Integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity at all levels
Genetic Diversity
One of the components of biodiversity. Others include
Introduced Species
Can quickly disrupt an ecosystem because it’s normal competitors and predators are not in its new environment control its population
Endangered Species
One that is in danger of extinction throughout all or significant portion of its range
Habitat Destruction
One of the major threats to biodiversity. Others include:
Overexploitation
Harvesting by humans of wild or animals exceeding their ability to reproduce and repopulate
Fragmentation
Breaking up a large habitat area into smaller areas. The smaller areas may not be large enough to support the original community of species.
Movement Corridor
Allows for exchange or mobility of animals small areas of habitat
Minimum Viable Population
Smallest population at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive
Biodiversity Hotspot
A relatively small areas in exceptional concentration of endemic species in a large number of endangered or threatened species
Bioremediation
Use of living organisms, prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify polluted ecosystem
Biological Augmentation
Uses organisms to add essential materials to degraded organisms
Ecosystem
Consists of the community plus abiotic factors. Characterized by energy flow and chemical signaling
Law of Conservation of energy
Energy can not be created or destroyed
Eutrophication
Occurs in lakes polluted by excess amounts of nutrients
Actual Evapotranspiration
Increases with the amount of precipitation in a region and amount of solar energy available
Energy
Cannot be recycled, so an ecosystem must have a continuous influx of energy
Primary Producers
This trophic level consists of autotrophs
Primary Consumers
This trophic level consists of herbivores
Secondary Consumers
Carnivores that eat herbivores
Tertiary Consumers
Carnivores that eat carnivores
Detritivores
Consumers that get their energy from nonliving organic material such as remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and wood
Green World Hypothesis
Herbivores consume relatively little plant biomass because they are held in check by limiting resources, predators, parasites and other forces.
Net Primary Production
Equal to gross primary production minus energy for respiration.
Organic Material
Decomposes faster in tropical rain forests than in temperate forests
Biological Magnification
Toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels of the food web
Competitive Exclusion Principle
One species uses resources more efficiently than another, eventually replacing that species
Ecological niche
The sum total of a species use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
Fundamental niche
The conditions the organism would perfer: ideal
Realized Niche
The conditions the organism actually occupies, possibly as a result of competition with another species
Cryptic coloration
Makes an animal difficult to see
Aposematic
Allows the animal to look like it might be harmful because bright colors are often associated with harmful organisms
Batesian Mimicry
When is harmless prey species mimics a harmful species, thereby promoting it’s own survival
Species diversity
Made up of species richness and relative abundance
Species richness
A measure of how many different species are present
Relative abundance
How many of each species is present
Energetic hypothesis
Suggest that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain. That is, so much energy is lost through each transfer that the energy is quickly depleted
Dynamic stability hypothesis
Long food chains are less stable then short food chains and that small fluctuations a low levels are increasingly magnified with successive levels
Dominant species
Those species in a community that are most abundant
Keystone species
Not the most abundant species but they play pivotal ecological roles
Facilitators
Ecosystem engineers species that physically alter the structure of the community
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
This model suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that fostered greater species diversity then low or high levels of disturbance
Primary succession
Occurs in areas where soil has not yet formed or has been stripped away
Secondary secession
Occurs when an existing community has been cleared by some community but the soil has been left intact
Evapotranspiration
Consists of evaporation of water from soil and transpiration of water by plants
Integrated hypothesis
Describes the community as a unit that function as a whole, partly because of the observation that certain species of plants are consistently found together
Individualistic hypothesis
Describes the community of plants as a species that just happens to be in the same location because they have similar requirements
Rivet model
Describes the species of the community is being tightly connected in a web of life that one species will suffer without the other species
Redundancy model
Says that one species has little effect of the others it can easily be replaced by a different species
