Exam 3 Flashcards
carcinogenesis
malignant transformation involving 3 step process of initiation, promotion, and progression
Initiation
carcinogen damages DNA by changing a specific gene
Promotion
process by which carcinogens are subsequently introduced
Progression
process by which tumors go from bad to worse
- neovascularization
- invasion
- metastasis
Proto-oncogenes
Turn on cell growth
Anti-oncogenes
Turn off cell growth
Hypertrophy
cell growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each cell
Hyperplasia
growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells
Metaplasia
conversion from the normal pattern of differentiation if one type of cell into another type of cell not normal for that tissue
Dysplasia
an alteration in the shape, size, appearance, and distribution of cell
Anaplasia
disorganized, irregular cells that have no structure and have loss of differentiation; the result is almost always malignant
Neoplasia
new or continued cell growth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead and damaged tissues.
ANC levels that increase the risk for infection
1,500 risk for infection increases; 500 severe risk for infection
Nadir
lowest level of ANC after chemotherapy
Collaborative mgmt of sepsis and DIC
- prevention is best measure
- IV antibiotic therapy
- Anticoagulants
- cryoprecipitated clotting factors
Collaborative mgmt of SIADH
- fluid restriction
- increased sodium intake
- demeclocycline
- treating the underlying cancer
Signs and symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome
edema of face, Stoke’s sign, edema of arms and hands, dyspnea, erythema, cough, hoarseness
Antimetabolites
“imposter” metabolites used to fool cancer cells into using them for cellular reactions will impair division
Antitumor antibiotics
damage cell DNA and interrupt DNA and RNA synthesis
Alkylating agents
inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis, and therefore cell division, by tightly binding DNA strands together
Antimitotic agents
Interfere with the formation of microtubules necessary for mitosis, comes from vinca plant
Factors delaying wound healing
- Poor nutrition
- Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
- excessive wound drainage
- Diseases
- Age
- Medications
- Infection
Braden scores
- 12 or less is high risk for development of ulcer
- 18 at risk for ulcer
PUSH score
0 is healed; 17 not healed
Diabetes insipidus comes from where?
posterior pituitary gland
The nurse is conducting a staff in-service on childhood endocrine disorders. Diabetes insipidus is a disorder of:
posterior pituitary
The nurse is caring for a preschool child with suspected diabetes insipidus. Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect to observe?
Polyuria and polydipsia
A nasal spray of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) is used to treat which disorder?
Diabetes insipidus
Type 1 diabetes
Characterized by progressive destruction of beta cells, usually leading to an absolute insulin deficiency
Type 1 diabetes onset
peak onset between 11-13; childhood and adolescence
Hallmark signs of type 1 diabetes
weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weakness and fatigue, ketoacidosis
Preparing insulin
- air into intermediate
- air in regular
- draw up regular
- draw up intermediate
Rapid insulin onset, peak, and duration
Onset: 10-30 minutes
Peak: 30 minutes to 3 hours
Duration: 3-5 hours
Short acting insulin onset, peak, and duration
Onset: 30-60 minutes
Peak: 2-5 hours
Duration: 5-8 hours
Intermediate acting insulin onset, peak, and duration
Onset: 1-4 hours
Peak: 4-12 hours
Duration: 10-16
Long acting insulin onset, peak, duration
Onset: 2-4 hours
Peak: None
Duration: 24 hours
Type 2 diabetes characteristics
- Insulin resistance
- Pancreas decreased ability to produce insulin
- Inappropriate glucose production from liver
- Alteration in production of hormones and adipokines
- Individuals with metabolic syndrome at increased risk for type 2 diabetes
A1C normal level
less than or equal to 6.5%; greater than 7% is not good
Sulfonylureas
stimulates beta cells, increases number of insulin receptors, decreases amount of glucose produced by liver
Biguanides
decreases amount of glucose produced by liver, increases glucose used by muscles
Ex: metformin
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
inhibits CHO absorption in small intesting; starch blockers
Ex: Acarbose
Thiazolidinediones
decreaes insulin resistance, inhibits glucose production in liver
Ex: Actos
Meglitinides
stimulates short burst of insulin release from pancreas
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DDP)
slows the activation of incretin hormones
Parents of a toddler with hypopituitarism ask the nurse, “What can we expect with this condition?” The nurse should respond with which statement?
Skeletal proportions are normal for age
A child with hypopituitarism is being started in growth hormone (GH) therapy. Nursing considerations should be based on which knowledge?
Replacement therapy requires daily subcutaneous injections
A child with growth hormone (GH) deficiency is receiving GH therapy. When is the best time for the GH to be administered?
At bedtime
An adolescent is being seen in the clinic for evaluation of acromegaly. The nurse
understands that which occurs with acromegaly?
There is excess growth hormone (GH) after the closure of the epiphyseal plates
A child will start treatment for precocious puberty. The nurse recognizes that this will involve the injection of which synthetic medication?
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
Hypophysectomy is done through what?
Transphenoidal surgery
Hypophysectomy is done for what?
anterior pituitary tumor
The nurse is admitting a toddler with the diagnosis of juvenile hypothyroidism. Which is a common clinical manifestation of this disorder?
Dry skin
A goiter is an enlargement or hypertrophy of which gland?
Thyroid
Exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs) may occur in children with:
Hyperthyroidism
The nurse is teaching the parents of a child who is receiving methimazole (Tapazole) for the treatment of hyperthyroidism (Graves disease). Which statement made by
the parent indicates a correct understanding of the teaching?
“If my child develops a sore throat and fever, I should contact the physician immediately.”
Which clinical manifestation may occur in the child who is receiving too much
methimazole (Tapazole) for the treatment of hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)?
Lethargy and somnolence