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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Core concepts of Personality

A

Consistency and Distinctiveness.

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2
Q

Personality

A

Individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits.

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3
Q

Five Factor Model

A

Big Five. OCEAN. Superficial traits stem from these 5 fundamental traits.

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4
Q

OCEAN

A

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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5
Q

Openness

A

Tolerance to ambiguity. Curiosity. Open mindedness. Flexibility.

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6
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Dilligene, discipline, punctuality, dependableness.

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7
Q

Extraversion

A

Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, etc.

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8
Q

Agreeableness

A

Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, etc.

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9
Q

Neuroticism

A

Anxiety. Hostility. Self conscious. Inssecurity. Impulsivity. Emotional instability.

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10
Q

Psychodynamic perspective of Personality

A

Influenced by early Childhood experiences. Conflicts between id, ego, and superego result in behavior.

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11
Q

Id

A

Primitive pleasure principle fulfillment.

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12
Q

Ego

A

Decision making component that works on reality principle. Problem solving.

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13
Q

Superego

A

Moral component that determines right from wrong. Emerges from ego at 3-5 yrs of eage. Moral perfection.

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14
Q

Levels of awareness

A

Conscious, preconscious, unconscious.

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15
Q

Preconsciousness

A

Underneath surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved.

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16
Q

Ego and superego work where?

A

On all levels of consciousness. Id works only in unconscious.

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17
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Largely unconscious reactions that protect people from unpleasant emotions.

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18
Q

Rationalization

A

False but plausible excuses.

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19
Q

Repression

A

Keeping distress away.

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20
Q

Projection

A

Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.

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21
Q

Displacement

A

Diverting emotions from original source to substitute target. Taking it out on someone or something else.

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22
Q

Reaction formation

A

Behaving in a way that’s exactly opposite of one’s true feelings. Overcompensation. Exaggerated opposite.

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23
Q

Regression

A

Reversion to immature state.

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24
Q

Identification

A

Bolstering self esteem by forming imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.

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25
Q

Sublimation

A

Unconscious unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable behaviors.

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26
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave mark on adult personality.

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27
Q

Psychoanalytic stages of personality development.

A

Oral (1), anal (2), Phallic (3-5), Latency and Genital stages (5-puberty northing happens. Latency.) Then at puberty genital stage occurs where sexual urges appear.

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28
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to move on from one psychoanalytic stage to another.

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29
Q

Jung’s Neopsychoanalysis.

A

2 layers. Personal and Collective unconscious.

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30
Q

Personal unconscious

A

Repressed or forgotten material.

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31
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Latent memory traces inherited from ancestral past. Memories are archetypes that are charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.

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32
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology

A

All have universal drive to adapt and improve oneself.

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33
Q

Compensation in Individual Psych

A

Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing abilities.

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34
Q

Behaviorism in Personality

A

Learning causes personality

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35
Q

Determinism

A

Behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli. Skinner says personality is just a collection of response tendencies.

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36
Q

Self efficacy

A

A belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors to lead to expected outcomes.

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37
Q

Humanism in Personality

A

Person centered! People are unique! People!

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38
Q

Self-Concept

A

Everyone has a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.

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39
Q

Incongruence in Self-Concept

A

Disparity between image of oneself and reality.

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40
Q

Conditional vs Unconditional Love

A

Unconditional fosters congruence because people don’t need to distort reality to feel worthy of love.

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41
Q

Anxiety from congruence.

A

More inaccurate the self concept, the more anxiety one will face. Individuals act defensively to reinterpret experience to stay consistent.

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42
Q

Maslow’s Self actualization

A

Centered around hierarchy of needs. Needs at bottom must be satisfied before higher needs, or growth needs, can be satisfied.

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43
Q

Hierarchy of needs.

A

Bottom is important to life. Top is important to self. All want to fulfill to highest potential. That is self actualization.

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44
Q

Healthy Personality by Maslow?

A

Self actualizing person. Committed to self-growth. Tuned to reality. Not dependent on approval. thrive on work and humor.

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45
Q

Bio perspective

A

Eysenck says hierarchy of traits come from even higher order. Arousal levels in introverts (sensitive to stimuli). Genetics. Evolutionary adaptation.

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46
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

Culture used to fend off terror and create perpetuity.

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47
Q

Mortality Salience

A

How much mortality is in your mind.

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48
Q

Eysenck’s 3 higher order traits

A

Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Extraversion-Introversion

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49
Q

Diagnosis

A

distinguishing one illness from another.

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50
Q

Etiology

A

Apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

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51
Q

Prognosis

A

Forecast about course of an illness.

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52
Q

Criteria of a Diagnosis of Disorder

A

Deviance, maladaptive behavior, personal distress.

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53
Q

Axis 1

A

Most disorders.

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54
Q

Axis 2

A

Personality and Mental retardation (Now intellectual disability)

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55
Q

Axis 3

A

General medical conditions

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56
Q

Axis 4

A

Psychosocial and Environment Problems. Stressors, inadequacy of social support, etc.

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57
Q

Axis 5

A

Global assessment of functioning scale. 100 pt. Adaptive functioning.

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58
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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59
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Class marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.

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60
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic high level of anxiety not tied to any specific threat.

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61
Q

Phobic Disorder

A

Marked by persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger.

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62
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly. 2/3 female.

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63
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of going out to public places. Concern about having a panic attack, and develop this.

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64
Q

OCD

A

Uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions).

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65
Q

PTSD

A

psych disturbances attributed to experiences of major traumatic event.

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66
Q

Etiology of Anxiety

A

Biology. Concordance rates indicates that twins and relatives will share disorders. Conditioning and learning creates phobias and stuff. Cognitive factors play a role when people misinterpret not- threatening things and focus on them. 5-HT (Panic and OCD) and GABA. Stress helps anxiety.

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67
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

People lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity.

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68
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Sudden loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to be regular forgetting.

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69
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A

Loss of info of a lifetime. Loss of identity.

70
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Coexistence of multiple personalities in one body. Largely complete and usually different. Used to be MPD.

71
Q

Etiology of Diss Disorders.

A

Stress? Real, despite not knowing where it comes from.

72
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Emotional disturbances of varied kinds that spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes.

73
Q

Bipolar

A

Extreme in both ends of continuums.

74
Q

Unipolar

A

Extreme in just one end of continuum.

75
Q

Major depressive

A

Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure. Anhedonia. Lost of variable effects.

76
Q

Anhedonia

A

Diminished ability to experience pleasure.

77
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Both depressed and manic periods.

78
Q

Etiology of Mood disorders.

A

Genes. Neuroanatomical and chemical factors affect mood disorders. Low levels of serotonin are crucial form underlying a lot of depression. Reduced neurogenesis. Cognitive facotrs such as learned helplessness and passive giving up . Not enough social support. Stress.

79
Q

Schizophrenic disorders

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior.

80
Q

Symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Delusions and irrational thought. Deterioration of adaptive behavior. Distorted perception. Disturbed emotion.

81
Q

Paranoid subtype

A

Delusions of grandeur and persecution.

82
Q

Catatonic Type

A

Striking motor disturbances ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity.

83
Q

Disorganized Type

A

Deterioration of adaptive behavior.

84
Q

Undifferentiated Type

A

Idiosyncratic mixes of schizophrenic symptoms

85
Q

Etiology of Schizophrenia

A

Genetics. Too much or too little DA. Brain abnormalities.Marijuana, Neurodevelopmental problems, Expressed emotion from family. Low expressed emotion correlated with relapse.

86
Q

Autistic Disorder

A

Profound impairment of social interaction and communication and severely restricted interests and activities. May be due to amygdala.

87
Q

Malingering

A

Lying about disorder.

88
Q

Trephination

A

Hole in brain to release demons.

89
Q

Types of phobic disorders

A

Animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood-injection-injury type.

90
Q

Somatoform Disorder

A

Body issues due to psych factors.

91
Q

Psychosomatic Disorders

A

Psych plays a role in actual physical problem.

92
Q

Somatization Disorder

A

Diverse physical complaints before age 30 that we can’t pin.

93
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Don’t know they don’t have real issue. Psych issue turns into real issue.

94
Q

Pseudoneurological issue

A

Glove anesthesia.

95
Q

La Belle Indifference

A

Lack of concern for conversion disorder.

96
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

Excessive preoccupation that one will get sick. Major issue (contrast with somatization)

97
Q

Etiology of Somatoform

A

Excessive preoccupation w/ body. Misinterpretation of symptoms. Unreasonable assumptions of health. Neuroticisim. Sick Role.

98
Q

Cohort Effect

A

I’m going to say that this is when birds of a feather transfer things to one another.

99
Q

Seligman’s Hilarious theories

A

On Depression. Learned helplessness -> Pessimism style (Internal flaws, personal flaw is stable, global state of things). Finally Hopelessness theory (Less internal factors, but more world sucks).

100
Q

Nolen’s Rumination

A

Women. Amirite

101
Q

Positive vs Negative Symptoms

A

Positive is stuff schizos have. Negative is stuff they don’t.

102
Q

Positive symptoms of Schizo

A

Disorganized speech/ thought. Disorganized or catatonic behavior.

103
Q

Negative symptoms of Schizo

A

Affective flattening (lack of emotions). Allogia (lack of speech). Avolition (lack of volition!).

104
Q

Effects of DA and 5-HT on Schizo

A

Up DA and 5-HT means positive symptoms. Down DA and 5-HT negative symptoms. Glutamate involved as well..

105
Q

Physiology of schizophrenia.

A

Larger brain ventricles. Less gray matter.

106
Q

Insight therapy

A

Talk. Freud. Engage in complex verbal interactions. Enhance self knowledge and promote healthful changes in personality and behavior.

107
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

Personal insights. Direct efforts to alter problematic responses. Principles of learning.

108
Q

Biomedical Therapies

A

Using drugs and electroconvulsive therapy.

109
Q

Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

A

Specialize in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems.

110
Q

Clinical vs Counseling.

A

Clinical - emphasis on treatment of full disorders. Counseling - focus on treatment on everyday adjustments of problems.

111
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Physicians who specialize in treatment and diagnosis on psych disorders. More extreme.

112
Q

Psychoanalytic treatment

A

Emotional experience focused. Efforts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings, identifications of recurring patterns in life experiences, interpersonal relationships, focus on therapeutic relationship, explorations of dreams and fantasy.

113
Q

Client Centered Therapy

A

Emphasis on providing supportive emotional climate for client. Don’t need to please others to build self-concept. Genuineness is important. Genuine positive regard. Accurate empathy. Therapeutic process.

114
Q

Other insight therapies

A

Group, family, couples, marital.

115
Q

Behavior therapies

A

Application of learning and conditioning. Behavior can be unlearned. Change maladaptive practices.

116
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Reduce phobia. Build anxiety hierarchy, deep muscle relaxation while thinking about stimuli.

117
Q

Exposure therapy

A

Confront with situations feared.

118
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Classical conditioning creates negative response to problematic behavior.

119
Q

Cognitive behavioral treatments

A

Behavior modification to change maladaptive ways of thinking.

120
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

Drugs Galore!

121
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Anti Anxiety. Reduce tension, apprehension, and nervosity. Benzodiazepines (Valium and Diazepine) and Barbiturates (Pentobarbital).

122
Q

Antipsychotics

A

(Neuroleptics) Gradually reduce psychotic inclinations. Chlorpromazine and Butyrophenone. May cause tardive dyskinesia. Atypical antipsychotics include clozapine and don’t have tardive dyskinesia as a side effect. May cause agranulocytosis.

123
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Permanent neuro disorder marked by involuntary writhing and ticklike movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet.

124
Q

Antidepressants

A

Elevate mood gradually to help bring people out of it. Tricyclics and MAOi are dirty drugs because they inhibit neurotransmitters which have tons of side effects. Tricyclics (monoamines), MAO inhibitors (monoamine), SSRIs (5-HT), SNRIs (Norepinephrine), Bupropion (DA). Sexual dysfunction and cheese effect. Mood stabilizers may be used as well.

125
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar. Lithium (low therapeutic index) and anticonvulsants (valproid acid)

126
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

Cortical seizure. Memory loss, impaired attention, cognitive side effects, short term though. Works!

127
Q

Institutional treatment

A

Sad stuff. Mental hospitals used to exist, but went more local, which worked better! But now no place for the crazies to go after.

128
Q

Social Psych

A

branch of psych concerned with how individuals’ thoughts, behavior, and feelings are influenced by others. How are people affected by actual, imagined, or implied presence of others?

129
Q

Person Perception

A

Process of forming impressions of others.

130
Q

Stereotypes

A

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of membership in a certain group.

131
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Estimation that one has encountered more confirmations of association between social traits than actually seen. Tend to underestimate disconfirmations.

132
Q

Ingroups vs Outgroups

A

Yeah.

133
Q

Attributions

A

Internal and External. Stable unstable.

134
Q

Actor Observer Bias

A

Attribution of one’s own stuff different.

135
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Internal attributions to explain others’ behavior (generally failures).

136
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

Successes to personal factors and failures to environmental factors.

137
Q

Self Effacing Bias

A

Opposite of self serving.

138
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A

Positive feelings toward another human.

139
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

Males and females of similar attractiveness flock.

140
Q

Attitude alignment

A

Attraction fosters similarity.

141
Q

Reciprocity Effects

A

Results in Self enhancement effect. Telling someone you like them.

142
Q

Passionate Love

A

Complete absorption in another including sexual feelings and agony/ ecstasy. Brain opens DA like cocaine.

143
Q

Companionate Love

A

Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own. Better relationship satisfaction

144
Q

Attitude

A

Positive or Negative evaluations of objects of thought.

145
Q

Cognitive Component of Attitude

A

Beliefs about object

146
Q

Affective Component of Attitude

A

How one emotionally feels.

147
Q

Behavioral Component of Attitude

A

Predispositions to act in certain ways toward and attitude.

148
Q

Strength of Attitude

A

Durability

149
Q

Accessibility

A

How often one thinks about it and how quickly it comes to mind.

150
Q

Ambivalence attitude

A

Conflicted evaluations that include both + and - feelings.

151
Q

Explicit Attitudes

A

Conscious attitudes

152
Q

Implicit Attitudes

A

Subtle automatic responses. No real control.

153
Q

Persuasion

A

Needs source, receiver, message, and channel for message.

154
Q

What you need for persuasion.

A

Credibility and trustworthiness. Likability increases source effectiveness. Trustworthiness more important.

155
Q

Message factors of persuasion

A

Two sided arguments, mere exposure effect. Fear.

156
Q

Receiver factors

A

Forewarning. Stronger attitudes.

157
Q

Learning Theory to Persuasion

A

Affective component affected by classical conditioning of evaluative conditioning (FANTA).

158
Q

Dissonance theory.

A

Cognitive dissonance is when thoughts are at odds, so our brain lies to itself to avoid anxiety.

159
Q

Effort justification

A

Justifying that bad stuff is good stuff.

160
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Central route - ponder. Peripheral route - persuasion depends on message factors such as attractiveness and credibility of source.

161
Q

Conformity

A

Yield to real or imagined social pressure.

162
Q

Obedience

A

Follow direct commands. Position of authority.

163
Q

Social Roles

A

Implied roles that you must play.

164
Q

Group

A

two or more people that interact and are independent.

165
Q

Social Loafing

A

Reduction in effort in group.

166
Q

Reduced efficiency in groups

A

Lack of coordination

167
Q

Group Polarization

A

Extreme ends due to dominant point of view. Easy and maintains group.

168
Q

Groupthink

A

Concurrence and compromise without critical thinking.

169
Q

Group Cohesiveness

A

Strength of liking relationships linking group members to each other and to group itself.

170
Q

Therapeutic index

A

ratio of helpfulness to toxicity concentrations.

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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