Exam 3 Flashcards
Core concepts of Personality
Consistency and Distinctiveness.
Personality
Individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits.
Five Factor Model
Big Five. OCEAN. Superficial traits stem from these 5 fundamental traits.
OCEAN
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Openness
Tolerance to ambiguity. Curiosity. Open mindedness. Flexibility.
Conscientiousness
Dilligene, discipline, punctuality, dependableness.
Extraversion
Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, etc.
Agreeableness
Sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, etc.
Neuroticism
Anxiety. Hostility. Self conscious. Inssecurity. Impulsivity. Emotional instability.
Psychodynamic perspective of Personality
Influenced by early Childhood experiences. Conflicts between id, ego, and superego result in behavior.
Id
Primitive pleasure principle fulfillment.
Ego
Decision making component that works on reality principle. Problem solving.
Superego
Moral component that determines right from wrong. Emerges from ego at 3-5 yrs of eage. Moral perfection.
Levels of awareness
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious.
Preconsciousness
Underneath surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved.
Ego and superego work where?
On all levels of consciousness. Id works only in unconscious.
Defense mechanisms
Largely unconscious reactions that protect people from unpleasant emotions.
Rationalization
False but plausible excuses.
Repression
Keeping distress away.
Projection
Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.
Displacement
Diverting emotions from original source to substitute target. Taking it out on someone or something else.
Reaction formation
Behaving in a way that’s exactly opposite of one’s true feelings. Overcompensation. Exaggerated opposite.
Regression
Reversion to immature state.
Identification
Bolstering self esteem by forming imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.
Sublimation
Unconscious unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable behaviors.
Psychosexual Stages
Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave mark on adult personality.
Psychoanalytic stages of personality development.
Oral (1), anal (2), Phallic (3-5), Latency and Genital stages (5-puberty northing happens. Latency.) Then at puberty genital stage occurs where sexual urges appear.
Fixation
Inability to move on from one psychoanalytic stage to another.
Jung’s Neopsychoanalysis.
2 layers. Personal and Collective unconscious.
Personal unconscious
Repressed or forgotten material.
Collective unconscious
Latent memory traces inherited from ancestral past. Memories are archetypes that are charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning.
Adler’s Individual Psychology
All have universal drive to adapt and improve oneself.
Compensation in Individual Psych
Efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing abilities.
Behaviorism in Personality
Learning causes personality
Determinism
Behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli. Skinner says personality is just a collection of response tendencies.
Self efficacy
A belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors to lead to expected outcomes.
Humanism in Personality
Person centered! People are unique! People!
Self-Concept
Everyone has a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
Incongruence in Self-Concept
Disparity between image of oneself and reality.
Conditional vs Unconditional Love
Unconditional fosters congruence because people don’t need to distort reality to feel worthy of love.
Anxiety from congruence.
More inaccurate the self concept, the more anxiety one will face. Individuals act defensively to reinterpret experience to stay consistent.
Maslow’s Self actualization
Centered around hierarchy of needs. Needs at bottom must be satisfied before higher needs, or growth needs, can be satisfied.
Hierarchy of needs.
Bottom is important to life. Top is important to self. All want to fulfill to highest potential. That is self actualization.
Healthy Personality by Maslow?
Self actualizing person. Committed to self-growth. Tuned to reality. Not dependent on approval. thrive on work and humor.
Bio perspective
Eysenck says hierarchy of traits come from even higher order. Arousal levels in introverts (sensitive to stimuli). Genetics. Evolutionary adaptation.
Terror Management Theory
Culture used to fend off terror and create perpetuity.
Mortality Salience
How much mortality is in your mind.
Eysenck’s 3 higher order traits
Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Extraversion-Introversion
Diagnosis
distinguishing one illness from another.
Etiology
Apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.
Prognosis
Forecast about course of an illness.
Criteria of a Diagnosis of Disorder
Deviance, maladaptive behavior, personal distress.
Axis 1
Most disorders.
Axis 2
Personality and Mental retardation (Now intellectual disability)
Axis 3
General medical conditions
Axis 4
Psychosocial and Environment Problems. Stressors, inadequacy of social support, etc.
Axis 5
Global assessment of functioning scale. 100 pt. Adaptive functioning.
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Class marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic high level of anxiety not tied to any specific threat.
Phobic Disorder
Marked by persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger.
Panic Disorder
Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly. 2/3 female.
Agoraphobia
Fear of going out to public places. Concern about having a panic attack, and develop this.
OCD
Uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions).
PTSD
psych disturbances attributed to experiences of major traumatic event.
Etiology of Anxiety
Biology. Concordance rates indicates that twins and relatives will share disorders. Conditioning and learning creates phobias and stuff. Cognitive factors play a role when people misinterpret not- threatening things and focus on them. 5-HT (Panic and OCD) and GABA. Stress helps anxiety.
Dissociative disorders
People lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity.
Dissociative Amnesia
Sudden loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to be regular forgetting.
Dissociative Fugue
Loss of info of a lifetime. Loss of identity.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Coexistence of multiple personalities in one body. Largely complete and usually different. Used to be MPD.
Etiology of Diss Disorders.
Stress? Real, despite not knowing where it comes from.
Mood Disorders
Emotional disturbances of varied kinds that spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes.
Bipolar
Extreme in both ends of continuums.
Unipolar
Extreme in just one end of continuum.
Major depressive
Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure. Anhedonia. Lost of variable effects.
Anhedonia
Diminished ability to experience pleasure.
Bipolar Disorder
Both depressed and manic periods.
Etiology of Mood disorders.
Genes. Neuroanatomical and chemical factors affect mood disorders. Low levels of serotonin are crucial form underlying a lot of depression. Reduced neurogenesis. Cognitive facotrs such as learned helplessness and passive giving up . Not enough social support. Stress.
Schizophrenic disorders
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior.
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions and irrational thought. Deterioration of adaptive behavior. Distorted perception. Disturbed emotion.
Paranoid subtype
Delusions of grandeur and persecution.
Catatonic Type
Striking motor disturbances ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity.
Disorganized Type
Deterioration of adaptive behavior.
Undifferentiated Type
Idiosyncratic mixes of schizophrenic symptoms
Etiology of Schizophrenia
Genetics. Too much or too little DA. Brain abnormalities.Marijuana, Neurodevelopmental problems, Expressed emotion from family. Low expressed emotion correlated with relapse.
Autistic Disorder
Profound impairment of social interaction and communication and severely restricted interests and activities. May be due to amygdala.
Malingering
Lying about disorder.
Trephination
Hole in brain to release demons.
Types of phobic disorders
Animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood-injection-injury type.
Somatoform Disorder
Body issues due to psych factors.
Psychosomatic Disorders
Psych plays a role in actual physical problem.
Somatization Disorder
Diverse physical complaints before age 30 that we can’t pin.
Conversion Disorder
Don’t know they don’t have real issue. Psych issue turns into real issue.
Pseudoneurological issue
Glove anesthesia.
La Belle Indifference
Lack of concern for conversion disorder.
Hypochondriasis
Excessive preoccupation that one will get sick. Major issue (contrast with somatization)
Etiology of Somatoform
Excessive preoccupation w/ body. Misinterpretation of symptoms. Unreasonable assumptions of health. Neuroticisim. Sick Role.
Cohort Effect
I’m going to say that this is when birds of a feather transfer things to one another.
Seligman’s Hilarious theories
On Depression. Learned helplessness -> Pessimism style (Internal flaws, personal flaw is stable, global state of things). Finally Hopelessness theory (Less internal factors, but more world sucks).
Nolen’s Rumination
Women. Amirite
Positive vs Negative Symptoms
Positive is stuff schizos have. Negative is stuff they don’t.
Positive symptoms of Schizo
Disorganized speech/ thought. Disorganized or catatonic behavior.
Negative symptoms of Schizo
Affective flattening (lack of emotions). Allogia (lack of speech). Avolition (lack of volition!).
Effects of DA and 5-HT on Schizo
Up DA and 5-HT means positive symptoms. Down DA and 5-HT negative symptoms. Glutamate involved as well..
Physiology of schizophrenia.
Larger brain ventricles. Less gray matter.
Insight therapy
Talk. Freud. Engage in complex verbal interactions. Enhance self knowledge and promote healthful changes in personality and behavior.
Behavior Therapy
Personal insights. Direct efforts to alter problematic responses. Principles of learning.
Biomedical Therapies
Using drugs and electroconvulsive therapy.
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
Specialize in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems.
Clinical vs Counseling.
Clinical - emphasis on treatment of full disorders. Counseling - focus on treatment on everyday adjustments of problems.
Psychiatrists
Physicians who specialize in treatment and diagnosis on psych disorders. More extreme.
Psychoanalytic treatment
Emotional experience focused. Efforts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings, identifications of recurring patterns in life experiences, interpersonal relationships, focus on therapeutic relationship, explorations of dreams and fantasy.
Client Centered Therapy
Emphasis on providing supportive emotional climate for client. Don’t need to please others to build self-concept. Genuineness is important. Genuine positive regard. Accurate empathy. Therapeutic process.
Other insight therapies
Group, family, couples, marital.
Behavior therapies
Application of learning and conditioning. Behavior can be unlearned. Change maladaptive practices.
Systematic Desensitization
Reduce phobia. Build anxiety hierarchy, deep muscle relaxation while thinking about stimuli.
Exposure therapy
Confront with situations feared.
Aversion Therapy
Classical conditioning creates negative response to problematic behavior.
Cognitive behavioral treatments
Behavior modification to change maladaptive ways of thinking.
Biomedical Therapy
Drugs Galore!
Anxiolytics
Anti Anxiety. Reduce tension, apprehension, and nervosity. Benzodiazepines (Valium and Diazepine) and Barbiturates (Pentobarbital).
Antipsychotics
(Neuroleptics) Gradually reduce psychotic inclinations. Chlorpromazine and Butyrophenone. May cause tardive dyskinesia. Atypical antipsychotics include clozapine and don’t have tardive dyskinesia as a side effect. May cause agranulocytosis.
Tardive dyskinesia
Permanent neuro disorder marked by involuntary writhing and ticklike movements of the mouth, tongue, face, hands, or feet.
Antidepressants
Elevate mood gradually to help bring people out of it. Tricyclics and MAOi are dirty drugs because they inhibit neurotransmitters which have tons of side effects. Tricyclics (monoamines), MAO inhibitors (monoamine), SSRIs (5-HT), SNRIs (Norepinephrine), Bupropion (DA). Sexual dysfunction and cheese effect. Mood stabilizers may be used as well.
Mood Stabilizers
Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar. Lithium (low therapeutic index) and anticonvulsants (valproid acid)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Cortical seizure. Memory loss, impaired attention, cognitive side effects, short term though. Works!
Institutional treatment
Sad stuff. Mental hospitals used to exist, but went more local, which worked better! But now no place for the crazies to go after.
Social Psych
branch of psych concerned with how individuals’ thoughts, behavior, and feelings are influenced by others. How are people affected by actual, imagined, or implied presence of others?
Person Perception
Process of forming impressions of others.
Stereotypes
Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of membership in a certain group.
Illusory Correlation
Estimation that one has encountered more confirmations of association between social traits than actually seen. Tend to underestimate disconfirmations.
Ingroups vs Outgroups
Yeah.
Attributions
Internal and External. Stable unstable.
Actor Observer Bias
Attribution of one’s own stuff different.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Internal attributions to explain others’ behavior (generally failures).
Self Serving Bias
Successes to personal factors and failures to environmental factors.
Self Effacing Bias
Opposite of self serving.
Interpersonal Attraction
Positive feelings toward another human.
Matching Hypothesis
Males and females of similar attractiveness flock.
Attitude alignment
Attraction fosters similarity.
Reciprocity Effects
Results in Self enhancement effect. Telling someone you like them.
Passionate Love
Complete absorption in another including sexual feelings and agony/ ecstasy. Brain opens DA like cocaine.
Companionate Love
Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own. Better relationship satisfaction
Attitude
Positive or Negative evaluations of objects of thought.
Cognitive Component of Attitude
Beliefs about object
Affective Component of Attitude
How one emotionally feels.
Behavioral Component of Attitude
Predispositions to act in certain ways toward and attitude.
Strength of Attitude
Durability
Accessibility
How often one thinks about it and how quickly it comes to mind.
Ambivalence attitude
Conflicted evaluations that include both + and - feelings.
Explicit Attitudes
Conscious attitudes
Implicit Attitudes
Subtle automatic responses. No real control.
Persuasion
Needs source, receiver, message, and channel for message.
What you need for persuasion.
Credibility and trustworthiness. Likability increases source effectiveness. Trustworthiness more important.
Message factors of persuasion
Two sided arguments, mere exposure effect. Fear.
Receiver factors
Forewarning. Stronger attitudes.
Learning Theory to Persuasion
Affective component affected by classical conditioning of evaluative conditioning (FANTA).
Dissonance theory.
Cognitive dissonance is when thoughts are at odds, so our brain lies to itself to avoid anxiety.
Effort justification
Justifying that bad stuff is good stuff.
Elaboration likelihood model
Central route - ponder. Peripheral route - persuasion depends on message factors such as attractiveness and credibility of source.
Conformity
Yield to real or imagined social pressure.
Obedience
Follow direct commands. Position of authority.
Social Roles
Implied roles that you must play.
Group
two or more people that interact and are independent.
Social Loafing
Reduction in effort in group.
Reduced efficiency in groups
Lack of coordination
Group Polarization
Extreme ends due to dominant point of view. Easy and maintains group.
Groupthink
Concurrence and compromise without critical thinking.
Group Cohesiveness
Strength of liking relationships linking group members to each other and to group itself.
Therapeutic index
ratio of helpfulness to toxicity concentrations.
