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Psych 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Philosopher that inspired Psychology

A

Descartes - explored how people think, reasons, and field content.

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2
Q

Physiologist that inspired Psychology

A

Helmholtz - Inspired the methods to explore psychology. First to measure neural activity.

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3
Q

Father of Psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt - First lab at the University of Leipzig 1879. Reaction time experiments. Study of the conscious.

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4
Q

Schools of thought after Psychology’s conception.

A

Structuralism and Functionalism. 1890s

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Periodic Table. Use introspection to define basic units of psychological phenomenon

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

Comes from Darwin. Things cannot be broken apart because sum of parts is less than whole. We adapted behavior to meet demands of the real world. Women loved this.

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7
Q

Psychology

A

Psyche - soul. Logos - study

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8
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of immediate experience.

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9
Q

Main proponent of Structuralism

A

Edward Titchener. Principles of Psychology. Flow of consciousness

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10
Q

Main Proponent of Functionalism

A

William James.

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11
Q

James’ Accomplishments

A

First psych textbook. Mental testing, child development patterns, behavioral differences between sexes.

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12
Q

Stanley Hall

A

Functionalist. 1st lab in US. First Journal of Psychology.

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13
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Invented by Freud. Study of the unconscious. Below surface of conscious exerts great influence.

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14
Q

Behaviorism

A

Invented by John B. Watson. Psychology can only be studied by observable behavior. Abandon consciousness and study behavior only. Verifiability is key. Behavior comes from environment only. Cool quote.

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15
Q

Rise of Psychoanalysis

A

20s, 30s, 40s.

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16
Q

When did Behaviorism gain the upper hand?

A

50s

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17
Q

B. F. Skinner?

A

Behaviorism god. Insisted that internal mental effects couldn’t be studied. Animals repeat actions that lead to positive outcome and opposite is true as well. Animals act in predictable ways.

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18
Q

Humanism

A

Behaviorism was dehumanizing. So, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were like, LET’S BE OPTIMISTIC. Emphasis on what makes us human. Human behavior is governed by the sense of self.

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19
Q

Clinical Psych

A

After WWII. Veterans need to help PTSD guys and gun responsibility. First clinic in 1896. Psych testing was needed for war.

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20
Q

What is Cognition?

A

Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. Psychology must study internal mental events to fully understand behavior. Overt behavioral observations provide an incomplete picture of what’s going on.

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21
Q

Cultural Diversity

A

Psychology was western for most of history. Unable to verify findings for ALL humans.

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22
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Examines behavioral processes in terms of adaptive value over generations. Natural selection favors certain behaviors.

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23
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Seligman. Research to better understand positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence. Positive experiences, positive traits, positive institutions.

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24
Q

Psychology’s modern definition.

A

Science that studies behavior and physiological and cognitive processes that underlies behavior.

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25
Q

Areas of Psychology today.

A

Developmental, social, biological (health, physiological, experimental), cognitive, psychometrics, personality.

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26
Q

Areas of specialty

A

Clinical, counseling, industrial, school.

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27
Q

Empiricism

A

Premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

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28
Q

Rationalism

A

Conviction of thinking about something logically to derive conclusions.

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29
Q

Theory

A

System of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

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30
Q

Hypotheses

A

Educated guess about things.

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31
Q

Cognitive Psychology Studiers

A

Noam Chomsky - Language
Miller - Memory
Simon - Problem solving
Exposed how thinking worked, not just how we think we think.

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32
Q

Goals of Science

A

Measurement and description, understanding and prediction, application and control.

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33
Q

Scientific Investigation Steps

A

1) Formulate testable hypothesis with an operational definition.
2) Select a research method.
3) Collect Data
4) Analyze Data
5) Report Findings

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34
Q

Types of Research

A

Experimental, Descriptive/ Correlational, Naturalistic observation, case studies, Surveys.

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35
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Variable other than independent that could influence dependent variable. Need to control.

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36
Q

Confounding Variable

A

When two variables are linked and make it hard to distinguish specific effects. Makes experiment pointless.

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37
Q

Random Assignment

A

Deals with confounding variables as it “evens out” playing field.

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38
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

-1 to 1. Strength of correlation.

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39
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

Third variable that makes two things connected, therefore no causative link can be established.

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40
Q

How to evaluate research

A

Metaanalysis. Sampling Bias. Placebo. Social Desirability bias. Experimenter Bias.

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41
Q

Metanalysis

A

Taking a bunch of studies and statistically analyzing for consistency of effects. Test generalizability of study.

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42
Q

Sampling Bias

A

When sample is not representative of population studied.

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43
Q

Placebo

A

People’s expectations lead them to experience change though treatment was fake or empty.

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44
Q

Social Desirability

A

Give desired/ approved answers to questions about oneself.

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45
Q

Halo Effect

A

Someone’s expectations/ evaluation of a person spills over to influence more specific ratings. Overall employee performance contaminates one’s view of a single employee.

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46
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Researcher’s expectations or preferences about outcome of a study influence results obtained.

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47
Q

Deception

A

Used if not harmful.

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48
Q

Animals

A

Harm must be justified and decent living conditions.

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49
Q

Quasi experiment

A

almost experiment, but not manipulation. As good sometimes.

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50
Q

Non-experiment

A

just no.

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51
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Central tendency. Dispersion of score. Correlation.

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52
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

T-test. Chi-test. F-test. Multiple regression. Generalizability.

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53
Q

Debriefing

A

Early as possible

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54
Q

IRB

A

Institutional Review Board

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55
Q

Neuron

A

Receive, integrate, and transmit information

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56
Q

Glia

A

Glue. Cells that aren’t neurons that provide support for neurons. Smaller but more numerous than neurons by 10 to 1. Supply nourishment and insulation around axons. 50% of brain volume. Some can also send neural impulses and also plays roles in memory formation. Glia deterioration leads to alzheimers.

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57
Q

Types of Glia

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS). Schwann Cells (PNS). Astrocytes. Microglia. Radial Glia.

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58
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Segments of myelin sheath for several neurons.

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59
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Creates a single section of myelin sheath for one axon.

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60
Q

Astrocyte

A

Synchronizes communication between neurons. Feeds neurons. Removes waste.

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61
Q

Microglia

A

Immune system.

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62
Q

Radial Glia

A

Scaffolding to help immature neurons migrate and grow.

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63
Q

Charge of Cells

A

Negatively charged interior of cells. -70 mV.

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64
Q

How does action potential work?

A

Na+ channels open briefly.

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65
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

length of time after action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.

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66
Q

All or none

A

Strong and weak stimuli do not cause different action potential strengths. Rate of firing of action potential convey strength of stimuli.

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67
Q

Postsynaptic Potential

A

Voltage change at a receptor site on postsynaptic cell membrane Do not follow all or none law, as they are graded.
Vary in size and increase or decrease probability of neural impulse being sent down receiving cell In proportion to amount of voltage change.

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68
Q

EPSP and IPSP

A

Increases/ decreases likelihood of sending signal.

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69
Q

What happens to NTM

A

Most Reuptake. Diffuse. Destroyed.

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70
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Elimination of old synapses is more important than building new ones for sculpting networks.

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71
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Ach. Attention, arousal, memory. Only one between motor neurons and voluntary muscles. Acetylcholinergic. Cholinergic.

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72
Q

Monoamines

A

Single amino acid derived NTM. Dopamine. Serotonin. Norepinephrine.

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73
Q

Dopamine

A

DA. Control voluntary movements. Degradation of neurons causes parkinsons. Dopaminergic. Reward pathway, addiction.

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74
Q

GABA

A

Amino acids. IPSPs only. 40% of all synapses. Inhibition of nervous system.

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75
Q

Endorphins

A

Resemble Opiates. Modulates pain. Response to stress. Pleasure feelings of euphoria. Comes from amino acids.

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76
Q

Epinephrine

A

Epi. Adrenergic. Cardiac Contraction. Arousal.

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77
Q

Noradrenergic

A

Mood. Addiction (less so than DA) Arousal.

78
Q

2 types of monamines

A

Catecholamines/ Indolamines.

79
Q

Catecholamines

A

DA. NE. Epi.

80
Q

Indolamines

A

5-HT. Derived from tryptophan.

81
Q

PNS vs CNS.

A

Nerves outside of brain and spine is PNS. Remainder is CNS.

82
Q

Nerves.

A

Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in PNS.

83
Q

Somatic NS

A

Part of PNS that connect to voluntary muscles and sensory receptors.

84
Q

Afferent vs Efferent nerve fibers

A

Afferent is towards CNS. Efferent is from CNS to periphery.

85
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Heart, vessels, smooth muscle, glands. Mediates arousal during emotions. Split into sympathetic and parasympathetic.

86
Q

Sympathetic

A

Mobilizes resources of emergencies. Fight or flight. Arousal.

87
Q

Parasympathetic.

A

Conserves bodily resources. Slow heart rate. Reduce bp. promote digestion.

88
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Permeable membrane that filters out nonsense from CSF.

89
Q

Differences between CT, MRI, fMRI, and PET.

A

You know this.

90
Q

Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum. Medulla. Pons

91
Q

Midbrain

A

Substantia Nigra. Reticular formation. Ascending and Descending Fibers.

92
Q

Forebrain

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, Limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex.

93
Q

Brain Stem

A

contiguous with spinal cord and deep inside brain.

94
Q

Medulla

A

Attaches to spinal cord. Most primitive and controls unconscious but essential functions.

95
Q

Pons

A

Bridge of fibers that connects brain stem with cerebellum. Clusters of cell bodies involved with sleep and arousal.

96
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain. Large folded structure on back of brain stem. Coordination of movement and critical to sense of equilibrium. Physical movement commands from other parts of brain.

97
Q

Substantia nigra

A

DA releasing neurons.

98
Q

Reticular formation

A

Central core of brain stem. Ascending fibers handle sleep and wakefulness, arousal. Desending fibers handle muscle reflexes. Also something about breathing and pain perception.

99
Q

Thalamus

A

Cluster of somas. Integrate senses. All senses except smell goes through this before further parts of cerebral cortex.

100
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of bio needs. 4 Fs. Control autonomic NS

101
Q

Limbic System

A

Loosely connected network of structures. Includes hypoth, thal, hippocampus, amygdala, and other stuff.

102
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

103
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear and other emotional processes.

104
Q

Medial forebrain bundle

A

Heaviest concentration of pleasure response system.

105
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and most complex. Folded and convoluted. Hemispheres divided by corpus callosum (band of fibers connection beneath thick fissure)

106
Q

Lobes

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

107
Q

Occipital

A

Primary visual cortex. V1. Striate cortex. Same thing.

108
Q

Parietal

A

Somatosensory cortex

109
Q

Temporal

A

Auditory complex

110
Q

Frontal

A

Largest lobe. Primary motor cortex. Mirror neurons here activated by performing action or seeing another doing action. Acquires new motor skills.

111
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

In frontal lobe. Large in humans and may be executive control system area. Monitor, direct, and organize direct thought processes.

112
Q

Left vs Right Hemisphere.

A

Left is better at verbal processing. Right is better at spatial, musical, and visual recognition. Left

113
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speech center. Left brain.

114
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormones released in pulsatile manner throughout day. Controlled by hypothalamus. Pituitary gland releases great amount of hormones. Stimulate actions in other endocrine glands.

115
Q

Oxycotin

A

Pituitary releases to regulate reproductive behaviors. Far reaching effects on complex social behavior.

116
Q

Hereditary behavior

A

Studied by family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies. Found that environment and heredity both play roles.

117
Q

Darwin’s insights on behavior

A

Fitness is ability to reproduce. Natural selection selects for heritable characteristics that make an individual more fit. Adaptations are important to behavior.

118
Q

Brain is protected by

A

Skull, meninges, and CSF.

119
Q

What do neurons eat?

A

Glucose. Supplied by astrocytes.

120
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

Cholinergic Antagonist.

121
Q

Curare

A

Cholinergic antagonist

122
Q

Atropa Belladona

A

Cholinergic antagonist

123
Q

Black Widow

A

Cholinergic agonist

124
Q

Nicotine

A

Cholinergic agonist

125
Q

Box Jellyfish

A

cholinergic antagonist bust also adrenergic agonist.

126
Q

Development of NS

A

neural tube (~24 days) forms. Neural tube from neural plate. First 3 swellings of forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Then 5 swellings of telencephalon, diencephalone, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon.

127
Q

Abnormal development of NS

A

Spina bifida (bottom doesn’t close. Anencephaly (anterior of tube swells). Hydrocephaly (water in brain. CSF keeps getting made even though circulation sucks.)

128
Q

Telencephalon

A

Grows so much it covers rest of brain.

129
Q

Ventricles

A

Hollow area that remains in brain producing CSF.

130
Q

Sulcus (sulci)

A

Groove

131
Q

Gyri

A

Bump or ridge

132
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Super old. New neurons made here all the time. Same as hippocampus.

133
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Sensation of the physical phenomena. Perception is the selection, organization, and interpretation of input.

134
Q

Eye levels

A

Cornea > aqueous humor > pupil/ iris > lens > vitreous humor > retina

135
Q

Levels at which light passes through retina

A

Ganglion > bipolar > photoreceptors

136
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Focus in front of retina. Long eyeball.

137
Q

Farsightedness

A

Focus behind retina. Short eyeball.

138
Q

Rods

A

Scotopic (general form) 100 - 125 million. Greatly outnumber cones. Outside of fovea is more. 100 times more sensitive to dim light.

139
Q

Cones

A

Photopic (greater acuity) 50 million stubby cells. Daylight vision. Color. Concentrated in fovea.

140
Q

Fovea

A

Only cones.

141
Q

Dark adaptation

A

more sensitive to light in dim. Complete in 30 minutes.

142
Q

Light adaptation

A

Less sensitive in high illumination. Acuity increases.

143
Q

Optic nerve

A

After signal passes from bipolar to ganglion, optic nerve is bundle of axons that go to brain. Hundreds of millions of cells connect to these scant million. Intermediate cells must compress signals.

144
Q

Receptive field

A

Area when stimulated affects firing of a cell.

145
Q

Center surround

A

Light hitting Center has opposite effect of light hitting outside.

146
Q

Optic chiasm

A

point where inside half of each eye crosses over to project to other half of brain. Left VF goes right, right VF goes left.

147
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Part of thalamus that gets visual signals and passes on to PVC in occipital lobe.

148
Q

Second visual pathway

A

Superior colliculus from optic chiasm, THEN thalamus onward. Branches to different parts than primary though.

149
Q

Feature detectors

A

Simple cells. Orientation of line and location of line within receptive field.

150
Q

Ipsilateral connection

A

Outside parts of eye.

151
Q

Ventral Stream

A

What pathway. Form and color. Lower part of temporal love. Who.

152
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Parietal lobe. Where objects are. Motion and depth.

153
Q

Know subtractive vs additive color mixing.

A

Paint vs Light.

154
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

3 types of receptors.

155
Q

Opponent Process

A

Antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors.

156
Q

Real visual color thingy.

A

3 cones for color. Thalamus and retina react to red vs green, blue vs yellow, and black vs white. Ganglion activated by red, inhibited by green. Others is opposite.

157
Q

Perceptual Set

A

readiness to perceive stimulus in a particular way.

158
Q

Inattention blindness

A

tunnel vision

159
Q

Feature analysis

A

Bottom up, top down.

160
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Evidence for top down. Whole > parts.

161
Q

Gestaldt

A

Figure and ground, proximity,closure, similarity, simplicity, continuity.

162
Q

Perceptual hypothesis

A

power of expectation

163
Q

Depth Perception cures

A

Binocular cues (parallax), Monocular cues (accomodation, pictoral depth cues)

164
Q

Pictoral depth cues.

A

linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, relative size, height in plane, light and shadow. Application of these differ among cultures. Desirable objects look closer than nondesirable.

165
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Things get bigger in visual field but we do not experience growth of object.

166
Q

Complex cells

A

Motion detectors. Prefers things moving across visual field.

167
Q

Hypercomplex cells

A

Detects orientation of line, length of line. Don’t mind where or what orientation.

168
Q

Papillae

A

Bumps where taste bumps exist. Taste hairs all over this that die ~10 days. 5 tastes. Pattern of firing = different taste. Cats don’t have sweet receptors.

169
Q

Properties of sound

A

Wavelength - pitch. Amplitude - loudness. Purity - timbre.

170
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation.

171
Q

Nontasters

A

Low sensitivity to PTC or PROP and have 1/4 as many taste buds per square cm as supertasters. 25% are super, 25% are non. 50% are medium. Women more likely to be super.

172
Q

Olfactory signalling pathway

A

Axons that synapse at olfactory bulb. Routes to olfactory complex in temporal. Within 4 minutes only 1/2 of smell lingers.

173
Q

Nose anatomy

A

Air > mucous > olfactory dendrites

174
Q

Life of olfactory cilia

A

1 month

175
Q

Anosmia

A

super rare.

176
Q

Flavor is caused by

A

Olfactory and gustatory system working together.

177
Q

Anatomy of ear

A

Outer ear (ear canal/pinna), middle ear (ddrum and tympanic membrane, ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup). Inner ear (oval window of cochlea)

178
Q

Cochlea

A

3 canals. Middle is basilar membrane with auditory hair cells. Fluid filled. Vibration moves fluid and basilar membrane. Auditory hair cells fire potentials.

179
Q

Frequency theory

A

Membrane mimics sound waveform and neurons at end of basilar membrane fire in synchrony with waveform. Lower pitches accurate.

180
Q

Place theory

A

Different waveforms stimulate different areas of basilar membrane. High frequencies stimulate basilar membrane near oval window. Higher pitch accurate.

181
Q

Vestibular system

A

balance system. Semicircular canals, vestibular sacs, fluid and hair in sacs.

182
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Heat/cold, mechanical pressure, vibrations, noxious stimuli that damage tissue are all stimuli. Nerves are polymodal in this system.

183
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Ruffini endings, merke’s discs, pacinian corpuscles, meissner’s corpuscle, hair shaft sensory receptor.

184
Q

Nociceptors

A

Free nerve endings that convey pain. C fibers and A-delta fibers.

185
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Propioceptors

186
Q

Pathway of somatosensory system

A

Receptors > thalamus > somatosensory cortex.

187
Q

Pain

A

C fibers are slow pathway and do dull aching pain. A-delta is fast. Sharp pain.

188
Q

Gate control theory

A

CNS and PNS open and close gate.

189
Q

Brain mapping

A

Things that are similar (in area or otherwise) are analyzed in similar areas in brain.

190
Q

Serotonin

A

Serotonergic. 5-HT. Sleep/wakefulness. Eating behavior. Mood. Aggression. Arousal.

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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