Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

antibiotics that affect cell wall | Cephalosporins

Answer 1

``` Structure similar to penicillin Resistant to penicillinase Effective against Gm- Most injected Expensive ```

Answer 2

Effective against Gm+ | Topical causes nephrotoxicity side effect

Answer 3

Glycopeptide Effective against penicillinase Toxicity problems—limit use Last line antibiotic for resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains

Answer 4

Inhibits mycolic acid synthesi What bacteria would it be useful against? Tuberculosis Good penetration ability

Answer 5

Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid into cell wall | Used in combination to control resistance

Answer 6

``` Inhibit peptide bond formation Broad spectrum Inexpensive Ready diffusion Aplastic anemia ```

Answer 7

``` Cause misreading Effective against Gm- Toxic side effects Kidney damage Auditory nerve damage Examples Streptomycin Gentamicin ```

Answer 8

``` Interfere with tRNA Benefits Broad spectrum Long retention time Penetrate tissue Problems Not very bio-degradable Side effects Tooth discoloration in children Liver damage in pregnant women ```

Answer 9

Gram+ only Few side effects—children Block tunnel

Answer 10

``` Bacteriocidal Gram- Some toxicity so generally used topically Triple antibiotic ointment Polymyxin B Bacitracin Neomycin (aminoglycoside) ```

Answer 11

``` Inhibits synthesis of mRNA Penetrates tissue Enters CNS Side effect Red urine, feces, saliva, tears, and sweat ```

Answer 12

Inhibits DNA gyrase Bacteriocidal Nalidixic acid—UTI’s

Answer 13

Synthetic quinolones Broad spectrum Nontoxic Ciprofloxacin--anthrax

Answer 14

Not antibiotics Early therapy Bacteriostatic Blocks folic acid synthesis

Answer 15

Gradient of antibiotics | Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

Answer 16

ratio between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose | Measure of the relative safety of the treatment

Answer 17

Block entry Inactivation of resistance enzymes Alteration of target molecule Efflux of antibiotic

Answer 18

``` Horizontal gene transfer: plasmids -Hospitalization -World travel Overuse -Patient demand -Immunosuppression Misuse -Improper prescription -Failure to follow treatment -Long-term, low-dose use -Use in animal feeds ```

Answer 19

``` Shape Metabolism Structure Ability to cause disease Everything ```

Answer 20

humans and animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls

Answer 21

Understand how to control bacterial growth | How stop protein synthesis

Answer 22

- inhibiting synthesis of peptide cross links - inhibiting bonding of NAG and NAM - inhibiting lipopolysaccharide synthesis - inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis

Answer 23

inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis

Answer 24

interfering with dna polymerase | interfering with dna gyrase

Answer 25

interfereing with RNA Polymerase

Answer 26

- interfering with attachment of trna to mrna - interering with activity of 30S and 50S ribosomal unit - interfering with peptide bond formation, catalyzed by the ribosome

Answer 27

inhibition of protein synthesis

Answer 28

it undergoes lysis

Answer 29

interfere with the tRNA binding with the mRNA ribosome complex

Answer 30

Eukaryotes—all the chromosomes | Bacteria—chromosome and plasmids

Answer 31

``` Nitrogenous bases -adenine -guanine -cytosine -Thymine Deoxyribose Phosphate ```

Answer 32

``` Single chromosome Haploid Circular chromosome No histones--packaged by DNA gyrase Attached to the plasma membrane ```

Answer 33

``` Multiple chromosomes Diploid or greater Linear chromosomes Histone packaging Found in the nucleus ```

Answer 34

DNA  DNA: Replication DNA  RNA: Transcription RNA  Protein: Translation

Answer 35

The first step in DNA replication is the separation of the two DNA strands that make up the helix that is to be copied

Answer 36

Ancient disease—common in Greek and Egyptian writings Epidemic in Europe and North America from 18th and into the 20th Centuries Known at the White plague or consumption #1 killer of people during this time Better ventilation in homes and at work sites

Answer 37

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Acid Fast bacterium Mycolic acid #1 single infectious disease killer

Answer 38

``` Acute respiratory infection Persistent cough with blood Constant fatigue Loss of appetite and weight loss Fever and night sweats ```

Answer 39

Transmitted by aerosols—prolonged contact

Answer 40

Grows in alveoli--causes tubercula in lungs Small lumps Body forms granulomas to defend

Answer 41

``` Only 10% of infected people develop the infection Elderly and children Immunocompromised Smokers People who live in crowded conditions Without treatment very few survive ```

Answer 42

``` Mantoux PPD Skin Test Inject tuberculin under skin of forearm After 48-72 hours measure welt 15 mm or more is positive Confirm with chest X-ray ```

Answer 43

``` Multiple drug therapy Isoniazid Rifampin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Streptomycin 6 months to a year ```

Answer 44

less prevalent and less deaths | more people develop multi drug resistance bc not following directions probably

Answer 45

Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combination of genes Importance Increased survivability Contributes to genetic diversity

Answer 46

genes passed between bacteria Transformation Conjugation Transduction

Answer 47

genes passed from parent to offspring

Answer 48

``` Uptake of DNA from the environment First discovered in 1928 by Griffith Working with Streptococcus pneumoniae Causes lethal respiratory infection Requires a capsule for virulence Capsule gene can be eliminated ```

Answer 49

``` Recipient cells=Competent cells Few species are naturally competent Haemophilus Bacillus Streptococcus ```

Answer 50

Transfer of DNA through pilus or direct contact Fertility plasmid present in one cell--Donor Self replicates Contains genes Make pilus Enzymes to move the DNA across pilus Cured if nonessential Recipient cell does not contain the F plasmid

Answer 51

Transfer of DNA by a virus Two mechanisms Generalized transduction by lytic virus Specialized transduction by lysogenic virus

Answer 52

``` Host DNA gets degraded during viral replication Virus packages host DNA in capsid Defective virus Able to infect new host cell No viral DNA to replicate New host genes ```

Answer 53

Lysogenic viruses Becomes prophage—incorporates into genome Get activated by some trigger Come out of host genome and take host DNA with Still able to replicate and infect new host

Answer 54

``` Found in brackish water Infectious dose: 106 in water 104 in food Not very resistant to acid Serotype (150) O1 Classical-–first 5 epidemics El Torr—current epidemic O139 ```

Answer 55

``` Acute, diarrheal illness Sudden onset of watery diarrhea Rice water stool 5 gallons of water a day Dehydration No fever 1:10 people Death Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance Mortality: 50% left untreated ```

Answer 56

Makes epithelial cells highly permeable to water Coded by the ctxAB gene Carried by the CTX phage Specialized transduction

Answer 57

``` Fecal-oral Water Raw foods Undercooked foods Washing foods in contaminated water Found in copepods and algae ```

Answer 58

``` IV fluids ORT Oral Rehydration Therapy Sugar-salt solution Vaccination Oral Short duration Mortality: 1% ```

Answer 59

``` Seven pandemics since 1817 Four in the U.S. 1832 1849 1866 1887 Public health measures put into place Cleaned up refuse Contained animals Instituted water treatment ```

Answer 60

``` Brought to Peru in 1991 Ship ballast water from Asia Chlorinating water kills the bacterium Lima, Peru—water system built by English Handles a population of 230,000—population now 7 million ```