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microbiology 211 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

taxonomy

A

classification of living organisms based upon relationship

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2
Q

2001: All species inventory

A

1.7 million organisms identified, 100 million species unknown(know least about bacteria)

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3
Q

How are all cells alike structurally

A
  1. dna is genetic material
  2. cytoplasmic membrane
  3. reproduction
  4. cytoplasm
  5. ribosomes
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4
Q

phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary relatedness

DNA similarity especially prokaryotes

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5
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera or Prokaryote
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6
Q

Domain System

A

proposed by Carl Woese based upon ribosomal sequence

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7
Q

Bacteria

A

Mitochondria, Proteobacteria, gram positive bacteria, thermotoga, cyanobacteria, chloroplasts
prokaryotic, peptidoglyca, 70S

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8
Q

Archaea

A

Methanogens, hyperthermophile, extreme halophiles

prokaryotic, no peptidoglycan, 70S

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9
Q

Eukarya

A

animals, fungi, amebae, slime molds, plants, green algae,euglenezoa, distoma, dinoflageflates, ciliates
eukaryotic, varies, 80S

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10
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A 
early cell--> bacteria -->chloroplast
                                   --> mitochondrion
               -->archaea
              -->eukarya
able to create more ATP
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11
Q

How do we know that mitochondria and chloroplasts were bacteria?

A

Own genetic material-circular chromosomes, suggests was once living cell
70S ribosomes
Multiple membranes, suggests cell has been eaten

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12
Q

How do we know this happened?

A

Earth 4.6 billion years old
prokaryotes 3.5 billion years(more diverse)
eukaryotes 2.5 billion years

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13
Q

Scientific Nomenclature

A

Genus species(italicize)

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14
Q

Domain

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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15
Q

Eukaryote

A

group of closely related organisms that can interbreed

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16
Q

Prokaryote

A

population of cells with similar characteristics, dont reproduce sexually
unsure how to organize prokaryotes

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17
Q

Viral Classification

A

not composed of cells

a population with similar characteristics that occupy a particular ecological niche(host))

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18
Q

Origin of Virus

A

Replicating strands of nucleic acid
Degenerative Cells
coevolved part of host cell

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19
Q

Cell Theory

A

all living things are composed of cells

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20
Q

Theory of spontaneous generation

A

Francisco Redi, Lassaro Spallanzani

production of living organisims from non-living matter

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21
Q

Theory of Biogenisis

A

Rudolf Virchow

life comes from life

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22
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

disproved spontaneous generation theory with swan neck flask, took 200 years
found: microbes are present on non-living things, microbes can be destroyed by heat, airborne contamination can be obstructed

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23
Q

golden age of microbiology

A

1800s

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24
Q

Germ Theory

A

Fracastoro
Germs are causative agent of disease
something indivisible passed from person to person
different that traditional beliefs

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25
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Hand washing to prevent childbirth fever

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26
Q

Joseph Lister

A

disinfectant during surgery

46% before 15% after

27
Q

Robert Koch

A

bacteria causes disease, Koch’s postulates

  1. the same organism must be found in all the cases of given disease.
  2. organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. the isolated organism must produce the same disease when inoculated into a healthy animal.
  4. the same organism must be again isolated from the experimentally infected animal
28
Q

Edward Jenner

A

milkmaids do not get smallpox
theory: cowpox makes humans immune to smallpox
worked

29
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

salvarsan discovered, arsenic derivative=treatment for syphilis

30
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

discovered first antibiotic(penicillin)

bacteria doesnt grow well near fungi

31
Q

Smallpox

A 
aches, pain, fever
rash on limbs-dimpled and uniform
large pustules form
pustules crust over
rash on cooler areas
32
Q

variola virus

A

cause of smallpox
variola major=90% of cases, 35% mortality
variola minor=10% cases, 1% mortality

33
Q

smallpox transmission

A

communicable disease

human reservior only(respiratory droplets, direct contact, indirect contact with scabs or puss

34
Q

treatment

A

no treatment
treat secondary infections
isolate patient

35
Q

immunization

A

jenner developed vaccine in 1798
cowpox(milder disease)
10 year protection

36
Q

Eradication

A

last natural case in 1977, eradicated in 1988

last vaccination in 1972

37
Q

pathology

A 
science of suffering
includes: Etiology
Pathogenesis 
Changes to host
Structural 
Functional
38
Q

Infection

A

Invasion and colonization of body by pathogenic microbe

process by which the agent gets into body

39
Q

Disease

A

Change from a state of health
May be due to microorganisms, cancer, or genetic abnormalities
how it affects body

40
Q

Normal Flora

A

too clean as children=allergies
occurs when placenta breaks
different in normal birth v. c-section
resident

41
Q

transient bacteria

A

passing through, causes you to be sick

42
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits one organism unaffected

43
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

44
Q

parasitism

A

one organism living at the expense of the other

45
Q

symptoms

A

subjective (pain)

46
Q

signs

A

objective (blisters)

47
Q

sporadic disease

A

occasional

48
Q

endemic

A

constantly present

49
Q

epidemic

A

many people over short period

50
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide

51
Q

sepsis

A

toxic inflammatory condition when a focal infection spreads

52
Q

bacteremia

A

infection of the blood

53
Q

toxemia

A

bacteria producing toxin in the blood

54
Q

viremia

A

virus in the blood

55
Q

reservior

A

where disease is found

human, non-living, animal

56
Q

zoonoses

A

diseases that occur in animals and transmitted to humans

57
Q

contact transmission

A

direct, indirect, droplet

58
Q

vehicle transmission

A

water, food, air

59
Q

vectors

A 
Animals that carry pathogens
Mechanical
-Passive transport
-Fly on your food
Biological
-Active process
-Insect bites
60
Q

increase in HAI’s

A

bc of antibiotic use

61
Q

control HAI’s

A

Handwashing, Disinfectants, Stay home if sick, Barriers, Limit antibiotic use, Use antibiotics properly

62
Q

Emerging Infectious Disease

A

New or changing disease, Increasing incidence or potential to increase incidence
75% Zoonotic, Viral diseases, Vector borne

63
Q

Epidemiology

A

Science that studies: When and where diseases occur

and How they are transmitted in populations

microbiology 211 (6 decks)

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