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microbiology 211 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

taxonomy

A

classification of living organisms based upon relationship

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2
Q

2001: All species inventory

A

1.7 million organisms identified, 100 million species unknown(know least about bacteria)

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3
Q

How are all cells alike structurally

A
  1. dna is genetic material
  2. cytoplasmic membrane
  3. reproduction
  4. cytoplasm
  5. ribosomes
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4
Q

phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary relatedness

DNA similarity especially prokaryotes

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5
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera or Prokaryote
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6
Q

Domain System

A

proposed by Carl Woese based upon ribosomal sequence

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7
Q

Bacteria

A

Mitochondria, Proteobacteria, gram positive bacteria, thermotoga, cyanobacteria, chloroplasts
prokaryotic, peptidoglyca, 70S

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8
Q

Archaea

A

Methanogens, hyperthermophile, extreme halophiles

prokaryotic, no peptidoglycan, 70S

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9
Q

Eukarya

A

animals, fungi, amebae, slime molds, plants, green algae,euglenezoa, distoma, dinoflageflates, ciliates
eukaryotic, varies, 80S

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10
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A 
early cell--> bacteria -->chloroplast
                                   --> mitochondrion
               -->archaea
              -->eukarya
able to create more ATP
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11
Q

How do we know that mitochondria and chloroplasts were bacteria?

A

Own genetic material-circular chromosomes, suggests was once living cell
70S ribosomes
Multiple membranes, suggests cell has been eaten

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12
Q

How do we know this happened?

A

Earth 4.6 billion years old
prokaryotes 3.5 billion years(more diverse)
eukaryotes 2.5 billion years

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13
Q

Scientific Nomenclature

A

Genus species(italicize)

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14
Q

Domain

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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15
Q

Eukaryote

A

group of closely related organisms that can interbreed

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16
Q

Prokaryote

A

population of cells with similar characteristics, dont reproduce sexually
unsure how to organize prokaryotes

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17
Q

Viral Classification

A

not composed of cells

a population with similar characteristics that occupy a particular ecological niche(host))

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18
Q

Origin of Virus

A

Replicating strands of nucleic acid
Degenerative Cells
coevolved part of host cell

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19
Q

Cell Theory

A

all living things are composed of cells

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20
Q

Theory of spontaneous generation

A

Francisco Redi, Lassaro Spallanzani

production of living organisims from non-living matter

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21
Q

Theory of Biogenisis

A

Rudolf Virchow

life comes from life

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22
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

disproved spontaneous generation theory with swan neck flask, took 200 years
found: microbes are present on non-living things, microbes can be destroyed by heat, airborne contamination can be obstructed

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23
Q

golden age of microbiology

A

1800s

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24
Q

Germ Theory

A

Fracastoro
Germs are causative agent of disease
something indivisible passed from person to person
different that traditional beliefs

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25
Ignaz Semmelweis
Hand washing to prevent childbirth fever
26
Joseph Lister
disinfectant during surgery | 46% before 15% after
27
Robert Koch
bacteria causes disease, Koch's postulates 1. the same organism must be found in all the cases of given disease. 2. organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. the isolated organism must produce the same disease when inoculated into a healthy animal. 4. the same organism must be again isolated from the experimentally infected animal
28
Edward Jenner
milkmaids do not get smallpox theory: cowpox makes humans immune to smallpox worked
29
Paul Ehrlich
salvarsan discovered, arsenic derivative=treatment for syphilis
30
Alexander Fleming
discovered first antibiotic(penicillin) | bacteria doesnt grow well near fungi
31
Smallpox
``` aches, pain, fever rash on limbs-dimpled and uniform large pustules form pustules crust over rash on cooler areas ```
32
variola virus
cause of smallpox variola major=90% of cases, 35% mortality variola minor=10% cases, 1% mortality
33
smallpox transmission
communicable disease | human reservior only(respiratory droplets, direct contact, indirect contact with scabs or puss
34
treatment
no treatment treat secondary infections isolate patient
35
immunization
jenner developed vaccine in 1798 cowpox(milder disease) 10 year protection
36
Eradication
last natural case in 1977, eradicated in 1988 | last vaccination in 1972
37
pathology
``` science of suffering includes: Etiology Pathogenesis Changes to host Structural Functional ```
38
Infection
Invasion and colonization of body by pathogenic microbe | process by which the agent gets into body
39
Disease
Change from a state of health May be due to microorganisms, cancer, or genetic abnormalities how it affects body
40
Normal Flora
too clean as children=allergies occurs when placenta breaks different in normal birth v. c-section resident
41
transient bacteria
passing through, causes you to be sick
42
commensalism
one organism benefits one organism unaffected
43
mutualism
both organisms benefit
44
parasitism
one organism living at the expense of the other
45
symptoms
subjective (pain)
46
signs
objective (blisters)
47
sporadic disease
occasional
48
endemic
constantly present
49
epidemic
many people over short period
50
pandemic
worldwide
51
sepsis
toxic inflammatory condition when a focal infection spreads
52
bacteremia
infection of the blood
53
toxemia
bacteria producing toxin in the blood
54
viremia
virus in the blood
55
reservior
where disease is found | human, non-living, animal
56
zoonoses
diseases that occur in animals and transmitted to humans
57
contact transmission
direct, indirect, droplet
58
vehicle transmission
water, food, air
59
vectors
``` Animals that carry pathogens Mechanical -Passive transport -Fly on your food Biological -Active process -Insect bites ```
60
increase in HAI's
bc of antibiotic use
61
control HAI's
Handwashing, Disinfectants, Stay home if sick, Barriers, Limit antibiotic use, Use antibiotics properly
62
Emerging Infectious Disease
New or changing disease, Increasing incidence or potential to increase incidence 75% Zoonotic, Viral diseases, Vector borne
63
Epidemiology
Science that studies: When and where diseases occur | and How they are transmitted in populations

microbiology 211 (6 decks)

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