Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

base

Answer 1

dissociates into one or more negatively charged hydroxide (OH-) ions that can accept, or combine with, protons and one or more positive ions(cations) NaOH--> Na+ OH-

Answer 2

dissociates in water into cations and anions neither of which is H+ or OH- NaCl--> Na+ Cl-

Answer 3

living organisms must maintain and acid base balance | H+ and OH- are very reactive

Answer 4

can't control environment

Answer 5

O- O----P===O O-

Answer 6

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Sugars and starches Made up of (CH2O)n

Answer 7

``` carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Fats and triglycerides Nonpolar molecules Energy storage form Structure Cell membrane—phospholipids Steroids Waxes ```

Answer 8

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amount of sulfur 50% dry weight of cell Building blocks are amino acids

Answer 9

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous 1. DNA is genetic material of all organisms and of many viruses 2. carries instruction for synthesis of RNA and proteins (controls synthesis of all moelcules in an organism)

Answer 10

Dehydration—glycosidic bond

Answer 11

``` Phospholipids Polar region Phosphate head Hydrophilic—water loving Nonpolar region 2 fatty acid tails Hydrophobic—water fearing Make up the cytoplasmic membrane Bacteria and Eukarya ```

Answer 12

Hydrogen bonds to hold them together Guanine and cytosine are stronger bond How much energy do you need to disrupt that? -more for higher levels of GC -bacteria in higher temperatures have more amounts of GC structure: AT/U and CG

Answer 13

``` No nucleus No histones No organelles Cell wall of peptidoglycan Divide by binary fission ```

Answer 14

``` Nucleus Histones Organelles May or may not be cell walls Divide by mitosis and maybe by meiosis ```

Answer 15

Size: 0.2 to 2.0 μm diameter and 2 to 8 μm long Shapes: Most basic, Coccus(round), Bacillus(rods), and Spiral Unusual shapes: Star and Rectangle

Answer 16

single shape | most bacteria

Answer 17

many shapes | Corynebacterium sp.

Answer 18

The important point is that the surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets large

Answer 19

sugar coat, substance that surrounds cell

Answer 20

``` firmly attached to glycocalyx-seen in negative stain Virulence factor: Protects bacterium from phagocytosis Attachment to tissue Potential food source ```

Answer 21

loosely attached to glycocalyx Trap nutrient Prevent dessication Motility

Answer 22

``` Biofilms EPS Function Attachment Food Protection** ```

Answer 23

``` Carbohydrates covalently bound to proteins and lipids in membrane Function Strengthen cell Attachment Cell-to-cell recognition ```

Answer 24

``` Long appendage used for propulsion Rotates like a propeller Clockwise—usually reverse Counter clockwise—usually forward 50 μ/sec = 0.0001 mph = 37 cell length/sec ```

Answer 25

movement of bacteria due to stimuli

Answer 26

Internal flagellum or endoflagellum Bundles of fibrils spiral around the cell Under the outer sheath

Answer 27

Hairlike appendages used for attachment Shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella Composed of pilin protein Gram negative bacteria

Answer 28

Longer than fimbriae and fewer in number Function DNA transfer—bacterial “sex” Motility

Answer 29

``` Peptidoglycan Sugar portion N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Protein portion Amino acid chains on NAM Cross-linked to neighboring chain by amino acids ```

Answer 30

Shape Resists osmotic pressure Protect membrane and interior from environmental change All bacteria have cell walls, except Mycoplasma

Answer 31

Clinically Contributes to the ability to cause disease Site of action for antibiotics Used to differentiate bacteria

Answer 32

Gram positive Peptidoglycan outside plasma membrane 20-80 nm thick Contains teichoic acid

Answer 33

Regulates cations movement Regulates autolysins Antigenic specificity for ID Lipoteichoic acid

Answer 34

``` Gram stains purple Acid fast bacteria Mycolic acid—thick, waxy lipid Mycobacterium Does gram staining work for Acid fast bacteria? ```

Answer 35

``` Cell envelope Outer membrane Cell wall Periplasm Plasma membrane ```

Answer 36

``` Lipid bilayer Permeable to small molecules Porins—protein channels Not very permeable to antibiotics Which ones would it be permeable to? Contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ```

Answer 37

``` Found only in gram negative 40% of cell surface 300,000/cell Three parts O-specific side chain or O antigen Core polysaccharide Lipid A or endotoxin Embedded in cell membrane ```

Answer 38

``` Weakly immunogenic Toxic at high doses (mg/kg body weight) Capable of causing fever, blood clots, and septic shock Only occurs when bacteria are dying 500,000 cases of septicemia/yr in U.S. 40% die Heat stable—pyrogenic ```

Answer 39

``` Thin layer of peptidoglycan (1-3 nm) Found in the periplasmic space Lots of protective enzymes Efflux pumps Gram stains pink ```

Answer 40

Lysozyme Enzyme that breaks the NAM-NAG backbone Found in egg whites and tears When will lysozyme be an effective way to kill bacteria? What might be a problem? Antibiotic penicillin Prevents crosslinking from occurring Binds the enzymes that make cell wall: penicillin binding proteins Works really well on gram positive bacteria When will penicillin be an effective treatment?

Answer 41

``` For protection Carbohydrates Plants and algae Cellulose Fungi Chitin Glucans ```

Answer 42

``` Prokaryotes Phospholipid bilayer Lots of proteins Eukaryotes Phospholipid bilayer Few proteins Sterols Carbohydrates attached at surfaces ```

Answer 43

``` Essential for bacteria Peripheral—only on one side or the other Integral—goes through the membrane Porin Transport protein Protein channel ```

Answer 44

``` Phospholipids are not attached Move laterally freely Allows for transport and resistance to pressure Functions: Separate self from environment Selectively permeable Energy production in prokaryotes Attachment Cell to cell recognition in eukaryotes ```

Answer 45

Limited use Disinfectants often disrupt membrane Polymyxin antibiotics What type of bacteria will this antibiotic be especially active against?

Answer 46

No energy is required as the molecule with move with the concentration gradient Simple diffusion—small molecules like O2 Osmosis—simple diffusion of water Facilitated diffusion—simple diffusion that requires a transport protein

Answer 47

``` Energy is required because it is against the concentration gradient Energy from ATP Active transport Single protein is required Group translocation Multiple proteins are required Molecule is changed during transport ```

Answer 48

``` Gram positive rods Spore-forming Causes anthrax Capsule Exotoxins ```

Answer 49

``` Produced in response to oxygen Survive in soil for decades Germinate in nutrient rich environment Hoofed livestock Humans ```

Answer 50

Black soils rich in organics and calcium Alkaline pH Hot, dry climates ID50 for grazers ranges from 107-108

Answer 51

``` Endospores Commonly occurs in hoof stock Infected animals Hide or hair from infected animals. Most common in agricultural regions ```

Answer 52

Cutaneous--skin Inhalation--lungs Gastrointestinal—GI tract

Answer 53

Most common (about 95%) Bacterium (spore) enters a cut or abrasion on the skin Starts as a raised itchy bump Vesicle and then a painless ulcer black necrotic (dying) area in the center eschar 20% of untreated cases = death Deaths are rare with appropriate antimicrobial therapy

Answer 54

``` More severe disease Mortality as high as 90% Person inhales spores Like common cold (so usually don’t act on) Progress to severe breathing problems and shock. Usually fatal Spread to lymph nodes Then to blood stream ```

Answer 55

``` rare Consumption of contaminated meat Nausea Loss of appetite Vomiting Fever Followed by abdominal pain, vomiting of blood, and severe diarrhea Mortality 50-60% cases ```

Answer 56

``` Can be treated with antibiotics Oral fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin—not in children or pregnant women Doxycycline Treat early Chemoprophylaxis ```

Answer 57

``` Use a live vaccine for livestock Attenuated endospore vaccine Human vaccine available but only given to high risk individuals Need a booster every 6 mos Controversial ```

Answer 58

22 people were made ill in the United States. (2001) 11 inhalation (5 died) 11 cutaneous Anthrax spores were distributed via 6 letters sent by U.S. mail to media organizations and political offices

Answer 59

Endospores Indestructible Carried by wind Respiratory form

Answer 60

Pass the bacteria from infected skin or mucous membranes (linings) - genital area, lips, mouth, or anus - to the mucous membranes or skin of a sexual partner Can be passed from mother to infant during pregnancy

Answer 61

16th century names Italians called it the “Spanish disease” French called it the “English disease” and “Italian” or “Neapolitan disease” Russians called it the “Polish disease” Arabs called it the “Disease of the Christians” Now “the great imitator”

Answer 62

Bacterium Treponema pallidum Spirochete Axial filament Does not survive well outside of host

Answer 63

``` Primary Stage Marked by the appearance of a single sore (called a chancre) - may be multiple sores Chancre lasts 3 to 6 weeks, and it heals without treatment No treatment then progresses Secondary Stage Skin rash and mucous membrane lesions rough, red, or reddish brown spots both on the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet Swollen lymph glands Sore throat Person most contagious in secondary stage. Latent (hidden) stage Secondary symptoms/signs disappear Infection remains in the body Damage the internal organs Tertiary Stage Neurological problems Cardiovascular problems Blindness ```

Answer 64

Easy to cure in its early stages First choice of treatment for syphilis remains penicillin Other antibiotics available Can be reinfected

Answer 65

Abstain from sexual intercourse Long-term mutually monogamous relationship Latex condoms – correct use Not all areas covered with condom use

Answer 66

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment 1932 and 1972 -U.S. Public Health Service conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis Never told what disease they were suffering from Doctors had no intention of curing them

Answer 67

``` Motile Non-contagious Botulinum toxin Most potent toxin known Neurotoxin Metalloprotease that inhibits acetylcholine release Paralysis of the motor system ```

Answer 68

A paralytic disease Botulism is Latin for botulus, meaning sausage Commonly transmitted by food poisoning

Answer 69

Disease is generally caused by a protein neurotoxin, not an infection Neurotoxin in contaminated food Flaccid paralysis

Answer 70

``` Food-borne botulism Infant botulism Wound botulism All forms of botulism can be fatal All forms are considered a medical emergency ```

Answer 71

``` Eat foods contaminated with botulism toxin Many people can become sick Canned foods From 1950-1996: 65.1% of cases due to home processed foods ```

Answer 72

``` Weakness of Muscles Blurry Vision Double Vision Droopy Eyelids Slurred Speech Dry Mouth Difficulty Swallowing Nausea and Vomiting Weak poor muscle control Eat less Often become constipated Weak cry Nausea and vomiting ```

Answer 73

Infection, not just intoxication Child ingests the endospores, but do not have a fully developed normal flora Without competition, the endospores germinate and grow producing toxin What is the number one cause of infant botulism?

Answer 74

Endospores get into wounds Majority of cases in drug use Mexican tar heroin—skin popping

Answer 75

``` 10-30 cases annually in U.S. Infant botulism is 70% Foodborne botulism is 25% Wound botulism is 5% Foodborne outbreaks California Washington Colorado Oregon Alaska—especially in native population ```

Answer 76

Antitoxin—antibody to bind up the toxin Vomiting or enemas Wounds surgically cleaned Breathing through ventilator

Answer 77

``` Boil canned foods 10 minutes Do not eat from bulged cans No “off odor” foods No honey for children under 2 Don’t Do Drugs! ```

Answer 78

``` Botox Wrinkles Temporary Migraine headaches Eye muscle disorders Muscle stiffness ```

Answer 79

1. long-term storage of chemical energy (starch, glycogen) 2. ready energy source (glucose) 3. part of backbones of nucleic acids 4. converted to amino acids 5. form cell wall 6. involved in intracellular interactions between animal cells

Answer 80

monosaccharaides disaccharides polysaccharides

Answer 81

building blocks of macromolecules

Answer 82

Enzymes—lower activation energy of a reaction Transport proteins—allow substances in and out of cell Toxins and bacteriocins Movement—flagella Structure—peptidoglycan Regulation--hormones

Answer 83

a covalent bond formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis reaction

Answer 84

helps form polypeptides

Answer 85

blueprint of cell

Answer 86

important in protein production

Answer 87

energy currency of the cell

Answer 88

Peptidoglycan lays between outer membrane and plasma membrane Thin layer Contains lipopolysaccharide