Exam #3 Flashcards
1
Q
Style of spike where male and female flowers are borne on a central column. Eg. Calla lily
A
Spadix
2
Q
Plant with male and female flowers borne on the same individuals (ex. corn, squash, cucumber)
A
Monoecious
3
Q
Plants where male and female flowers are borne on DIFFERENT individuals. (ex. holly, gingko, ash, yew)
A
Dioecious
4
Q
Formed when sperm unites with the egg.
A
Zygote
5
Q
Food storage tissue formed by union of secondary sperm and another cell in the ovule.
A
Endosperm
6
Q
Pollen from the plant pollinates the stigma of the same plant (inbreeding).
A
Self-pollination
7
Q
Pollen from another plant in the same species pollinates the stigma of the plant (out breeding).
A
Cross-pollination
8
Q
Transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil
A
Pollination
9
Q
Transfer of sperm from a pollen tube to an ovule
A
Fertilization
10
Q
The part of the flower that becomes the fruit
A
Ovary
11
Q
Dichogamy
A
Separation of female and male flower functions IN TIME (pollen is shed before or after stigma is receptive. minimizes self pollination).
12
Q
Herkogamy
A
Stigma and stems physically separated to limit self-pollination. Stamens usually below the stigmas.
13
Q
Cleistogamous
A
Automatic self-pollination. Propagate using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Ex. legumes and grasses. Often appear lower on the plant.
14
Q
Why is preventing self-pollination a survival strategy? (name 3)
A
- Genetic diversity
- Adaptation to new environments
- Possible mutations
15
Q
Name two things that prevent fertilization.
A
- Weather.
2. Pollen of one species falls on unrelated species.
16
Q
Pollination that occurs by wind
A
Anemophily pollination
17
Q
Pollination that occurs by water
A
Hydrophily pollination
18
Q
Pollination which occurs without a living vector
A
Abiotic pollination
19
Q
Pollination which occurs with a living vector
A
Biotic pollination
20
Q
What is the term for plant adaptations used to attract pollinators?
A
Pollination syndromes
21
Q
“Pollination syndrom” adaptations (name 7)
A
- Flower shape
- Flower hue (color)
- Flower brightness (pale to dark)
- Quantity of pollen
- Quality of nectar
- Type of fragrance (if any)
- Other secondary metabolites
22
Q
Which colors attract which pollinators?
A
Red/orange –Birds & Hummingbirds Yellow –Bees & Butterflies Green –Wind (sometimes flies, if stinky) Blue/purple –Bees Maroon –Beetles & Flies UV –Bees & Butterflies White –Moths
23
Q
Term that describes how some plants trick pollinators to come to their flowers
A
Mimicry
24
Q
Types of mimicry (name 5)
A
- Looking like other flowers that have rewards
- Looking like mating partners
- Looking like insect prey
- Looking/smelling like food sources
- Using floral traps to insure pollination
25
What are the benefit of using pollinators? (versus wind)
Rapid, direct, and more certain cross-pollination
26
What are some rewards plants provide to pollinators?
* Nectaries
* Pheromones
* Resins
* Oils
27
Name the primary pollinators
Bees, wasps, beetles, butterflies, moths, bats, mosquitos, flies, and birds
28
Flower parts which are used as landing platforms?
Petals, sepals, and calyx
29
What are referred to as "true fruits"?
Fruit developed solely from the ovary and its contents (ex. peach).
30
Fruits developed from the ovary plus additional parts of the flower such as receptacle, petals, and sepals (example pineapple, apple)
Accessory fruit
31
Wall of a ripened ovary, fruit wall
Pericarp
32
Outermost part of a fruit (thin skin)
Exocarp
33
Innermost portion of the fruit wall (hard and stony)
Endocarp
34
Middle portion of the fruit between the skin and the stone (either fleshy or fibrous)
Mesocarp
35
Fertilized ripened ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo and generally capable of germination
Seed
36
Basic unit of an ovary formed from one highly modified leaf
Carpel
37
Type of simple dry fruit produced by many plants; nearly fills the pericarp (but does not adhere). Ex. sunflower seed
Achene
38
Dry fruits which open at maturity to discharge seeds
Dehiscent
39
Dry fruits which do not open at maturity to discharge seeds (many are one seeded fruits)
Indehiscent
40
Fruits formed from one pistil (May be either true or accessory fruits)
Simple fruits
41
Fruits in which the coat becomes dry at maturity
dry fruits
42
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from one carpel, which at maturity splits along both the dorsal and ventral sutures (ex. peas, peanuts, beans)
Legume
43
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from one carpel, at maturity splits along ONE suture (ex, larkspur, columbine)
Follicle
44
Dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels
Capsule
45
Dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels, which splits along the outer median line (ex. lilies)
Loculicidal capsule
46
Dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels, which splits along the septa and opens at the top (ex. yucca, agave)
Septicidal capsule
47
A special long slender capsule of 2 carpels (ex. mustards)
Silique
48
Special short broad capsule of 2 carpels (ex. mustards)
Silicle
49
Capsule which has circumscissle dehiscence (ex. plantain, amaranths, purslane)
Pyxis
50
Capsule which opens with round holes (ex. poppies)
Poricidal capsule
51
One-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit. Seed is attached to fruit wall at single point (ex. buttercups, dandelion, sunflower)
Achene
52
One-seeded, dry, indehiscent similar to achene with wall greatly thickened and hardened (ex. hazel, macadamia, chestnut, oak)
Nut
53
One or two seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit in which part of the fruit wall grows into a wing (ex. elm, maple, ash)
Samara
54
One-seeded dry indehiscent fruit in which fruit wall and seed coat are fused (ex. wheat, corn, grasses, all cereals)
Grain
55
Fruit formed from several carpels, each carpel of this pistil enclosing a single ovule, at purity the carpels separate as separate indehiscent fruit (ex. mallow, wild carrot, dill)
Schizocarp
56
Fruits in which the wall becomes soft and fleshy as it matures
Fleshy fruits
57
One-seed simple fruit developed from a superior ovary in which the innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony, and outermost (exocarp) becomes relatively thin skin, and middle (mesocarp) becomes either fleshy or fibrous (ex. cherry, coconut, peach, cherry, plum, olive, avocado)
Drupe
58
Simple fruit in which the ovary wall (or at least inner portion) becomes enlarged and usually juicy (ex. grape, banana, coffee, eggplant, pomegranate)
Berry
59
Special type of berry in which a leathery rind forms; interior of fruit is divided by septa indicating the number of carpels (all citrus)
Hesperidium
60
Special type fo berry in which a relatively hard rind is formed; interior of fruit NOT divided by septa (ex. gourds, cucumber, watermelon, pumpkin, squash, zucchini)
Pepo
61
Accessory fleshy fruit formed by a group of carpels more or less firmly united with each other and surrounded by and united to the floral tube or receptacle (ex. apple, pear, mountain ash)
Pome
62
Fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils from the same flower (the individual units may be berries or other specific types) (ex. strawberry, rose hip, raspberry)
Aggregate fruit
63
Fruit formed by the development of a number of postils often with accessory parts, the pistils being from a number of flowers (ex. mulberry, pineapple, fig)
Multiple fruit
64
By which two ways may seedless fruit develop?
A. Without any fertilization. Some species such as tomato, pineapple, cucumber, produce seedless fruit if not pollinated but do produce seeded fruit if pollination occurs
B. Pollination triggers fruit development, but the ovules or embryos abort without producing mature seeds. Ex. seedless banana and watermelon fruits are produced on triploid plants, whose three sets of chromosomes prevent meiosis and thus the fruit may not produce fertile gametes. Can arise by spontaneous mutation or by hybridization between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same or different species.
65
Group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches
Inflorescence
66
Stalk of an inflorescence or a stalk bearing a solitary flower in a one-flowered inflorescence
Peduncle
67
Stem that attaches single flowers to the main stem of the inflorescence
Pedicel
68
Modified leaf that sits under a flower (Subtends the inflorescence)
Bract
69
Whorl of bracts
Involucre
70
Flower without a stalk (pedicel or peduncle)
Sessile
71
Flower have similar parts directed to one side only
Secund
72
Flowers bloom from the base upwards or from the outside inwards
Indeterminate inflorescence
73
Flowers bloom from the center outwards or from the apex downward
Determinate inflorescence
74
Inflorescence composed of sessile (stalkless) flowers arranged along a rachis (ex. cat tail)
Spike
75
Inflorescence with stalked flowers arranged singly along an elongated unbranched axis (ex. lily of the valley)
Raceme
76
Compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers (ex. Grasses)
Panicle
77
Like a raceme, but the pedicels all elongating to the same level to give the inflorescence a flat-topped appearance (ex. goldenrod, yarrow)
Corymb
78
Inflorescence which consists of a number of short flower stalks which are equal in length and spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs (ex. carrot, wild onion)
Umbel
79
Elongated inflorescence composed of numerous inconspicuous, usually dense, cylindrical, often drooping clusters of unisexual flowers with no petals (ex willow)
Catkin
80
Consists of many little florets: tubular "disc" flowers in the center and/or "strap-like" ray flowers around the edge (ex. both: sunflowers; only disc: blazing star; only ray: dandelion)
Composite/Head flowers
81
Flowers borne in a tight circle at each node
Verticil
82
Name four features of monocots
* Parallel veined leaf
* 1 cotyledon
* Fibrous roots
* Floral parts in multiples of 3
83
Name four features of dicots
* Netted veined leaf
* 2 cotyledons
* Tap root
* Floral parts in multiple of 4 or 5
84
Male parts of the flower
Stamen, consists of anther and filament
85
Female parts of the flower
Pistil, composed of stigma, style, and ovary
86
Separate usually green parts forming the calyx of a flower (aka outer whorl of the perianth)
sepal
87
One of the separate, usually colored parts forming the corolla of a flower (aka inner whorl of the perianth)
petal
88
Flowers that can be divided by only a single plants into two mirror-image halves
Zygomorphic
89
Flowers that can be divided into symmetrical halves by more than one longitudinal plane (like cutting a pie)
Actinomorphic
90
What does the work "gymnosperm" mean?
Naked seed
91
Are all gymnosperms evergreen?
No. Some deciduous examples: Gingko, larch, bald cypress, dawn redwood.
92
What types of leaves are found in gymnosperms?
Fan, needle, awl/scale-like
93
What clue helps you know the White Pine?
5 letters, 5 needles
94
Needle bunches of pine are called
Fascicles
95
Clue to remember branch of SPRUCE
Leaf bases remain on twig as small "pegs"
96
"Fleshy" false-fruit of yew is called
Aril
97
How do male pollen grains get to a female pine cone?
They flow on wind as they have ballon-like wings
98
What are cones comprised of?
Scales
99
What does xylem conduct?
Water
100
In a tree what does xylem develop into?
Wood
101
What does phloem conduct?
Sugars
102
Name the two tissues that comprise "bark"
Phloem and cork
