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Botany > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of Non-vascular plants [3]

A

Reproduce via spores. No xylem and phloem. Divisions:
• Mosses (Bryophyta, 9500 species)
•Liverworts (Hepatophyta, 6000 species)
•Hornworts (Anthocerophyta, 100 species)

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2
Q

Vascular plants w/spores (no seeds) [4]

A
  • Club Mosses (Division Lycophyta, 1000 species)
  • Fern (Division Pterophyta, 11,000 species)
  • Whisk ferns (Division Psilophyta)
  • Horse tails (Division Sphenophyta)
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3
Q

Gymnosperms [4]

A 
No flowers, naked seeds/cones.
•Conifers (Division Coniferophyta)
•Cycads (Division Cycadophyta)
•Ginkgo (Division Ginkgophyta)
•Gnetae (Division Gnetophyta)
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4
Q

Angiosperms [1]

A

Flowers, fruit enclosed seed.

•Flowering plants (Division Anthophyta)

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5
Q

Gametophyte

A
  • Dominant generation.
  • haploid, n.
  • Green in color.
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6
Q

Sporophyte

A
  • Dependent on gametophyte for survival for duration of it’s life span.
  • diploid, 2n.
  • Brown in color
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7
Q

Zygote

A

Cell formed by fertilization between two gametes.

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8
Q

Sporophyll

A

Spore-bearing leaf

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9
Q

Sporangiophore

A

A branch bearing one or more sporangia

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10
Q

Sporangium (pl. sporangia)

A

A spore case (where spores develop)

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11
Q

Megasporangia

A

Spore case bearing spores that give rise to female gametophytes

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12
Q

Microsporangia

A

Spore case bearing spores that give rise to male gametophytes

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division process whereby the chromosome number is reduced by half. Used by plants to form spores.

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division process whereby the chromosomes are duplicated. Cell replication process –each time cell divides, two complete cells are produced.

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15
Q

Xylem

A

Tube-like tissue that carries water and minerals from roots to stems and leaves.

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16
Q

Phloem

A

Carries organic compounds like carbohydrates from leaves to other plant parts.

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17
Q

Indusium

A

Flap-like structure which protects the sorus. Important for identification due to wide variation.

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18
Q

Sorus (Sori)

A

Where meiosis occurs

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19
Q

Frond

A

Leaves of a fern, only part visible above ground. Both the stem (rhizome) and roots are found underground.

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20
Q

Vernation

A

Arrangement of folded leaves in a bud, forming a crozier or fiddlehead. Fiddlehead protects young bud.

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21
Q

Major functions of stems [4]

A
  • Physical support, lifts them off the ground
  • Transport water and nutrients between roots and leaves
  • Create new living tissue. Meristems.
  • Storage site for sugars, carbohydrates, etc.
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22
Q

Herbaceous stems

A

Plants that die back into the soil after growing period.

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23
Q

Vine

A

plant with a long winding stem; herbaceous or woody

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24
Q

Bud

A

Underdeveloped and un-elongated stem that contains an embryonic meristem

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25
Lenticel
Breathing pores in stems for gas exchange.
26
Modified stems [7 types]
*  Bulbs *  Spurs (Firm, used for clinging) *  Corms (ex. chinese water chestnut, taro) *  Stem tubor (storage stems. ex, yam, potato) *  Rhizome *  Stolons (horizontal stem along soil. ex. strawberry, spider) *  Tendrils (Soft, used for clinging)
27
Plant armature [4 types]
*  Thorn (modified starp stem, contains vascular tissue) *  Spine (modified sharp leaf eg. cactus spine [non-vasc]) *  Cactus pad (modified stems) *  Prickle (non-vascular, ex. rose, blackberry)
28
Stipular spines
modified, sharp-pointed stipules at the base of a leaf
29
Root facts [5]
*  Beginning of vascular system pipeline *  Moves water and minerals from soul up the plant *  1/4-1/3 total dry weight of the plant/tree *  Account for 80% of plant disorders *  Annual rye grass = 380 miles of root tissue
30
Roof functions [4-6]
1. Absorption: Water and dissolved nutrients from soil 2. Anchorage: Soil erosion control, hold plant in place. 3. Some adapted for storage 4. Hormone production: Gibberellins canopy growth (5. Winter survival of perennials) (6. Means of propagation)
31
Radicle
First structure to emerge from seed coat
32
Two types of roots
Tap/primary roots and Fibrous/branch roots
33
Trunk diameter rule
38 to 1 ratio of root radius to trunk diameter
34
Two types of root storage
1. Swollen end roots (ex. Cassava) | 2. Thickened roots (ex. Sweet potato)
35
Example plant with brace roots
Corn
36
Contractile roots
Pull root deeper into soil (ex. onion)
37
Pneumatophore roots
Help air movement to the roots (ex. mangrove)
38
Buttress roots
Hold trees upright (ex. Bay Fig)
39
Root Suckers
Above ground shoots from adventitious roots (ex. Wild plum, blackberry)
40
Aerial Roots
Attached to tree or vine, absorb water from rainfall (ex. Wild pine, some orchids)
41
Haustorial roots
Parasitic plants, absorb water and nutrients from other plants (ex. mistletoe)
42
Symbiotic Roots
Root nodules, fix nitrogen Ex. Pea, beans, peanuts
43
Mycorrhizae [in/on roots]
Helps plant absorb water and phosphorus
44
Root structures [4 parts]
1. Zone of maturation (where root hairs grow) 2. Zone of elongation (expand with water absorption) 3. Zone of cell division (meristem) 4. Root cap (protects the meristem)
45
Vascular cambium
The plant tissue located between the xylem and the phloem; source of secondary xylem growth (inward) and secondary phloem grown (outward toward bark).
46
Root Epidermis
Outer layer of cells
47
Root Cortex
Primary tissue of a root (ex. storage organ in carrot)
48
Root Endodermis
Single layer separating cortex from pericycle
49
Root Pericycle
Center area of root
50
List leave functions
1. Absorb light energy 2. Manufacture plant food 3. Gas exchange 4. Temperature control 5. Moisture regulation
51
Venation
Arrangement of the veins. • Monocot – parallel • Dicot – majority netted, some parallel
52
Collar
Area where leave connects to stem (monocot grasses)
53
Collar
Area where leave connects to stem (monocot grasses)
54
Main parts of a grass plant [4]
*  Root *  Stem *  Blade *  Seedhead
55
Auricle
slender extensions of the collar and are located at the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath
56
Ligule
membranous or hairy tissues located at the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath
57
Venation
Design of leaves
58
Sessile
Stalkless leaf, lacking petioles
59
Petiolate leaf
Connect directly off step with bud at base
60
Perfoliate
Leaves completely surrounding the stem
61
Sagittate
Arrowhead shaped leaf

Botany (4 decks)

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