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Biology 101 Infectious Diseases > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

aspirin

A

NSAID/an anti-inflammatory
reduces symptoms of pain and inflammation, but not always a good thing
allows microorganisms to continue growing when it reduces inflammation
can lead to Reye’s Syndrome b/c limited inflammation allows virus to go to brain and cause swelling

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2
Q

fever

A

an immune response
initiated by inflammation
raises body temperature to beyond what is “acceptable” for invading microorganisms
body temperature must be produced and less heat must be lost

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3
Q

inflammation

A

an immune response
happens when macrophages become overwhelmed and the body needs the next line of defense
purpose is to limit the spread of the injury
causes blood vessels to dilate and allows more blood to come to the area
brings in large numbers of neutrophils
often will lead to fever as well

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4
Q

macrophage

A

means “big eaters”
phagocytoses lots of microorganisms when they get through the basement membrane
basically perform border control
also play a role in the immune response when it displays the proteins of a microorganism for lymphocytes to identify

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5
Q

mucous membrane

A

only a single layer of cells
lines anything that is open to the outside (ie - respiratory, urinary, digestive systems)
traps the microorganisms
is constantly being washed, so the microorganisms are then washed away

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6
Q

mucus

A

thick layer; gooey, viscous
traps microorganism
cannot swim through this
constantly washed, washes away microorganisms

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7
Q

NK cells

A

means “natural killer” cells
second line of defense with macrophages
a lymphocyte which kills any host cells that have been infected
designed to deal with the intra-cellular parasites

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8
Q

Reye’s Syndrome

A

caused when aspirin is used to reduce fever and inflammation
in the case of chicken pox or the flu, the virus travels from the skin or the lungs and infects the brain
causes swelling in the brain
can cause coma, permanent brain damage, and even death in about 25% of cases

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9
Q

acute infection

A

tend to develop rapidly to severe symptoms
recovery is also generally rapid - a few days
examples: meningitis and strep throat

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10
Q

basement membrane

A

a filter around blood capillaries to prevent microorganisms from entering the bloodstream
allows nutrients and oxygen to pass through to nourish cells
bacteria are too big to fit through this
sort of like gauze

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11
Q

chronic infection

A

develop slowly
take a long time to recover from - weeks or even months
usually relatively mild
example: infectious mononucleosis (mono)

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12
Q

convalescence period

A

the period of time when there are too few microorganisms to cause symptoms
still present though and can be spread to a new host
will continue until all of the infecting microorganisms are killed

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13
Q

decline period

A

when the body’s defenses gain the upper hand and the population of the microorganisms decrease
new microorganism are still being produced, but more are being killed than are being “born”
symptoms are also declining during this period

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14
Q

human reservoir

A

some microorganisms are permanently carried around by individuals called carriers
these MOs can only survive in and be acquired from other humans
cannot survive very long outside of a human body and cannot grow outside of a human body

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15
Q

incubation period

A

the first phase when a MO is introduced to a host
the amount of time needed for the population of MOs to reach critical number to produce symptoms
varies from MO to MO

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16
Q

local infection

A

meaning that the infection is restricted to one area of the body
happens because the MOs are unable to enter the bloodstream itself
prevented from entering the bloodstream b/c of basement membrane

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17
Q

non-human reservoir

A

anything where bacteria can grow that is not human
ex - polluted water, animals
some MOs can grow in animals and humans: rabies, for example

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18
Q

normal flora

A

the bacteria and yeast that normally live and grow on certain regions of a person’s body
skin, mouth, nasal cavity, large intestine, urinary openings
restricted to the surface of the region
compete with each other and more dangerous MOs for nutrients

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19
Q

opportunistic

A

MOs that wait for a “hole” to be made that they can cross
if the skin is scraped or burned, the first line of defense is breached and MOs will get in
normal flora would fall into this category

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20
Q

pathogenic

A

very aggressive MOs
can force their way across the body lining
ex - bacteria that causes typhoid fever produces enzymes the can dissolve holes in lining of the intestine to gain access to the bloodstream

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21
Q

peak disease period

A

when specific symptoms are added to general symptoms
blisters w/ chicken pox, paralysis in meningitis, “locked jaw” in tetanus
when the population of infecting MOs have reached its maximum

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22
Q

prodromal period

A

when there are enough MOs to cause general symptoms
fever, headache, loss of energy, muscle aches, etc.
also includes inflammation
indicates that the body has begun its counter-attack

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23
Q

reservoir

A

a source of MOs or a place where they both grow and can be picked up
generally 2 types: human and non-human
MOs can be transmitted to a new host by direct or indirect contact w/ the reservoir

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24
Q

systemic infection

A

when MOs are able, by force or by opportunity, to break thru the basement membrane surrounding capillary
can enter the bloodstream and spread thru the body
very serious infections, even life-threatening

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25
agglutination
a way that antibodies attack microorganisms antibodies attach to several MOs and make them clump together this means the MOs cannot swim away and are phagocytosed all at once
26
antibody
y-shaped proteins with two identical arms stick out of B cell membranes made of amino acids each arm attaches to an antigen function: neutralize, agglutinate, and opsonize MOs and activate the complement system
27
antigen
proteins that are "non-self" on the outer surface of all MOs immune system recognizes these as foreign and then is stimulated to attack
28
artificially acquired active immunity
discovered by Pasteur exposing people to antigens in an artificial way with vaccinations containing dead or weakened MOs immune system attacks and memory cells are produced
29
artificially acquired passive immunity
available to anyone with an immune system that does not function properly immunity can be acquired by injecting the antibodies from a donor into a recipient useful if you are not immune yourself, but need protection immediately; ex: snake venom, hepatitis virus
30
attenuated vaccine
vaccines with MOs that are alive but have been weakened the injected virus reproduces very slowly easy for the immune system to catch up
31
B lymphocyte
aka - B cells a type of lymphocyte have antibodies in their plasma membranes which serve as receptors for the antigens sort of "shoot" the antibodies at the MOs stimulated by helper T cells and produce large clones 10 million different B cells
32
CD95
a special protein employed by CTLs only CTLs and Natural Killer (NK) cells possess stimulates the infected host cell to commit cell suicide like a "kill key"
33
lymphocyte clone
is made after the T cell is selected to respond have the exact same TCR for the same antigen known as cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)
34
complement system
a cluster of proteins which puncture the MOs plasma membrane builds on to the stem of antibodies and pierces cell wall and PM - cytoplasm and ATP leaks out and the cell dies also stimulates inflammation to attract neutrophils to the area
35
constant region
the shape of the stem on an antibody nearly the same for all antibodies function: to attach to a receptor on phagocytic cells this tells the cell specifically what to phagocytose and helps cell grab onto the the bacterial or fungal cell
36
cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CTL the type of T cell that is cloned from the selected T cell will be toxic to the another cell - the virus infected host cell
37
helper T lymphocyte
secretes a CTL growth factor - interleukins stimulates the CTL to reproduce over and over\ generation time is about 18 hours
38
IgA
immunoglobin A two Y shaped molecules together transported from the bloodstream thru space b/t capillaries and mucous membranes to mucus itself protect or defend body surfaces against reinfection mostly just neutralize
39
IgD
a single Y shaped molecule stem is stuck to the membrane of the B cell it is a B cell's and a memory B cell's receptor for antigen
40
IgE
a single Y shaped molecule its stem matches the shape of receptors on mast cells instead of phagocytic cells mostly involved in allergic reactions
41
IgG
a Y shaped antibody with two identical arms small enough to be able to escape from the bloodstream agglutinate, opsonize, or neutralize MOs to assist in recovery or prevention of an infection
42
IgM
five Y shaped molecules held together too big to escape from bloodstream provides important defense of bloodstream itself body's lifeline - any MO that makes it this far into the body will meet these
43
mast cells
a type of immune system assistant mostly involved in allergic reactions releases histamine to initiate inflammation
44
memory cells
``` when a large number of CTLs are left "memory" of the battle like guards or UN peacekeepers if the antigen shows up again, there are enough CTLs (memory cells) left to eliminate it before it causes symptoms again helps immune system prevent infection ```
45
naturally acquired active immunity
the natural way of obtaining protection against an MO naturally exposed to antigens on live MOs by being infected and getting sick own immune system helps you recover by producing antibodies and CTLs; left with a large number of memory cells after recovery and makes you immune
46
naturally acquired passive immunity
``` a mechanism to provide protection to babies whose immune systems cannot respond quickly enough to a threat babies receive IgG class antibodies before birth thru umbilical cord after birth, babies receive antibodies of the IgA class thru breast milk ```
47
neutralization
attaching to the MO so it cannot attach to the host cell when antibodies cover up the spike proteins, pili, cell wall, or capusle gets washed away
48
opsonization
technical term for "tagging" antibody "glues" an MO and a phagocytic cell together is a red flag to the phagocytic cell that this MO needs to be eaten
49
perforins
a protein released by killer cells of the immune system destroys targeted cells by creating lesions like pores in their membranes
50
serum sickness
when your own antibodies attack the injected antibodies from a donor the complement system is activated throughout entire bloodstream red blood cells accidentally get punctured, causing inflammation all over the body swelling all over the body and other allergic symptoms like trouble breathing
51
T lymphocyte
aka - T cells have receptors for antigens called TCRs (T cell receptors) one T cell has one TCR gene giving it the ability to make one kind of TCR which matches the shape of one antigen 10 million different T cells
52
TCR
T cell receptor all clones of T cells made in an immune response have the same TCR matches the shape of one specific antigen
53
vaccine
the easier way to obtain the first exposure to an antigen and end up with memory cells usually contain dead or weakened (attenuated) MOs immune system reacts just like a normal infection, but no symptoms you only are immune to what you have been vaccinated against
54
variable region
the arms on antibodies the shape of arms varies from antibody to antibody matches different antigens
55
allergic reaction
histamine is released when an antigen is introduced to the body causes inflammation when antigens attach to the mast cells located only in the area exposed
56
antihistamine
medications against allergic reactions block inflammation provide very short term benefits need to be taken as long as you are exposed to antigen and every time you are exposed to that antigen
57
chemotherapy
a treatment for cancer and auto-immune diseases stops cells from copying their DNA and reproducing stops all cells though, not just the ones causing problems
58
cyclosporine
the drug used to prevent organ transplant rejection blocks T helper cells from producing interleukin and assisting in the cloning of other lymphocytes usually needs to be taken for the rest of the recipient's life and suppresses the immune system
59
immune surveillance
the immune system being constantly on the lookout for something foreign especially helpful in cancer cells immune system searches them out and destroys cancer cells before they can grow too much
60
immunotherapy
enhancing the natural process of immune surveillance using drugs analogous to interleukin stimulates lymphocytes to reproduce or vaccines can be given to prepare the immune system for a future cancer primary problem is identifying proteins which are found only on cancer cells and not on normal cells current experiment: collecting CTLs around a tumor and making them reproduce abundantly
61
neurotransmitter
chemical messengers they transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell received by receptors on the target cells

Biology 101 Infectious Diseases (4 decks)

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