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Biology 101 Infectious Diseases > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

aspirin

A

NSAID/an anti-inflammatory
reduces symptoms of pain and inflammation, but not always a good thing
allows microorganisms to continue growing when it reduces inflammation
can lead to Reye’s Syndrome b/c limited inflammation allows virus to go to brain and cause swelling

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2
Q

fever

A

an immune response
initiated by inflammation
raises body temperature to beyond what is “acceptable” for invading microorganisms
body temperature must be produced and less heat must be lost

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3
Q

inflammation

A

an immune response
happens when macrophages become overwhelmed and the body needs the next line of defense
purpose is to limit the spread of the injury
causes blood vessels to dilate and allows more blood to come to the area
brings in large numbers of neutrophils
often will lead to fever as well

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4
Q

macrophage

A

means “big eaters”
phagocytoses lots of microorganisms when they get through the basement membrane
basically perform border control
also play a role in the immune response when it displays the proteins of a microorganism for lymphocytes to identify

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5
Q

mucous membrane

A

only a single layer of cells
lines anything that is open to the outside (ie - respiratory, urinary, digestive systems)
traps the microorganisms
is constantly being washed, so the microorganisms are then washed away

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6
Q

mucus

A

thick layer; gooey, viscous
traps microorganism
cannot swim through this
constantly washed, washes away microorganisms

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7
Q

NK cells

A

means “natural killer” cells
second line of defense with macrophages
a lymphocyte which kills any host cells that have been infected
designed to deal with the intra-cellular parasites

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8
Q

Reye’s Syndrome

A

caused when aspirin is used to reduce fever and inflammation
in the case of chicken pox or the flu, the virus travels from the skin or the lungs and infects the brain
causes swelling in the brain
can cause coma, permanent brain damage, and even death in about 25% of cases

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9
Q

acute infection

A

tend to develop rapidly to severe symptoms
recovery is also generally rapid - a few days
examples: meningitis and strep throat

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10
Q

basement membrane

A

a filter around blood capillaries to prevent microorganisms from entering the bloodstream
allows nutrients and oxygen to pass through to nourish cells
bacteria are too big to fit through this
sort of like gauze

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11
Q

chronic infection

A

develop slowly
take a long time to recover from - weeks or even months
usually relatively mild
example: infectious mononucleosis (mono)

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12
Q

convalescence period

A

the period of time when there are too few microorganisms to cause symptoms
still present though and can be spread to a new host
will continue until all of the infecting microorganisms are killed

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13
Q

decline period

A

when the body’s defenses gain the upper hand and the population of the microorganisms decrease
new microorganism are still being produced, but more are being killed than are being “born”
symptoms are also declining during this period

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14
Q

human reservoir

A

some microorganisms are permanently carried around by individuals called carriers
these MOs can only survive in and be acquired from other humans
cannot survive very long outside of a human body and cannot grow outside of a human body

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15
Q

incubation period

A

the first phase when a MO is introduced to a host
the amount of time needed for the population of MOs to reach critical number to produce symptoms
varies from MO to MO

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16
Q

local infection

A

meaning that the infection is restricted to one area of the body
happens because the MOs are unable to enter the bloodstream itself
prevented from entering the bloodstream b/c of basement membrane

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17
Q

non-human reservoir

A

anything where bacteria can grow that is not human
ex - polluted water, animals
some MOs can grow in animals and humans: rabies, for example

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18
Q

normal flora

A

the bacteria and yeast that normally live and grow on certain regions of a person’s body
skin, mouth, nasal cavity, large intestine, urinary openings
restricted to the surface of the region
compete with each other and more dangerous MOs for nutrients

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19
Q

opportunistic

A

MOs that wait for a “hole” to be made that they can cross
if the skin is scraped or burned, the first line of defense is breached and MOs will get in
normal flora would fall into this category

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20
Q

pathogenic

A

very aggressive MOs
can force their way across the body lining
ex - bacteria that causes typhoid fever produces enzymes the can dissolve holes in lining of the intestine to gain access to the bloodstream

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21
Q

peak disease period

A

when specific symptoms are added to general symptoms
blisters w/ chicken pox, paralysis in meningitis, “locked jaw” in tetanus
when the population of infecting MOs have reached its maximum

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22
Q

prodromal period

A

when there are enough MOs to cause general symptoms
fever, headache, loss of energy, muscle aches, etc.
also includes inflammation
indicates that the body has begun its counter-attack

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23
Q

reservoir

A

a source of MOs or a place where they both grow and can be picked up
generally 2 types: human and non-human
MOs can be transmitted to a new host by direct or indirect contact w/ the reservoir

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24
Q

systemic infection

A

when MOs are able, by force or by opportunity, to break thru the basement membrane surrounding capillary
can enter the bloodstream and spread thru the body
very serious infections, even life-threatening

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25
Q

agglutination

A

a way that antibodies attack microorganisms
antibodies attach to several MOs and make them clump together
this means the MOs cannot swim away and are phagocytosed all at once

26
Q

antibody

A

y-shaped proteins with two identical arms
stick out of B cell membranes
made of amino acids
each arm attaches to an antigen
function: neutralize, agglutinate, and opsonize MOs and activate the complement system

27
Q

antigen

A

proteins that are “non-self”
on the outer surface of all MOs
immune system recognizes these as foreign and then is stimulated to attack

28
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A

discovered by Pasteur
exposing people to antigens in an artificial way with vaccinations containing dead or weakened MOs
immune system attacks and memory cells are produced

29
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

available to anyone with an immune system that does not function properly
immunity can be acquired by injecting the antibodies from a donor into a recipient
useful if you are not immune yourself, but need protection immediately; ex: snake venom, hepatitis virus

30
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

vaccines with MOs that are alive but have been weakened
the injected virus reproduces very slowly
easy for the immune system to catch up

31
Q

B lymphocyte

A

aka - B cells
a type of lymphocyte
have antibodies in their plasma membranes which serve as receptors for the antigens
sort of “shoot” the antibodies at the MOs
stimulated by helper T cells and produce large clones
10 million different B cells

32
Q

CD95

A

a special protein employed by CTLs
only CTLs and Natural Killer (NK) cells possess
stimulates the infected host cell to commit cell suicide
like a “kill key”

33
Q

lymphocyte clone

A

is made after the T cell is selected to respond
have the exact same TCR for the same antigen
known as cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)

34
Q

complement system

A

a cluster of proteins which puncture the MOs plasma membrane
builds on to the stem of antibodies and pierces cell wall and PM - cytoplasm and ATP leaks out and the cell dies
also stimulates inflammation to attract neutrophils to the area

35
Q

constant region

A

the shape of the stem on an antibody
nearly the same for all antibodies
function: to attach to a receptor on phagocytic cells
this tells the cell specifically what to phagocytose and helps cell grab onto the the bacterial or fungal cell

36
Q

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

A

CTL
the type of T cell that is cloned from the selected T cell
will be toxic to the another cell - the virus infected host cell

37
Q

helper T lymphocyte

A

secretes a CTL growth factor - interleukins
stimulates the CTL to reproduce over and over\
generation time is about 18 hours

38
Q

IgA

A

immunoglobin A
two Y shaped molecules together
transported from the bloodstream thru space b/t capillaries and mucous membranes to mucus itself
protect or defend body surfaces against reinfection
mostly just neutralize

39
Q

IgD

A

a single Y shaped molecule
stem is stuck to the membrane of the B cell
it is a B cell’s and a memory B cell’s receptor for antigen

40
Q

IgE

A

a single Y shaped molecule
its stem matches the shape of receptors on mast cells instead of phagocytic cells
mostly involved in allergic reactions

41
Q

IgG

A

a Y shaped antibody with two identical arms
small enough to be able to escape from the bloodstream
agglutinate, opsonize, or neutralize MOs to assist in recovery or prevention of an infection

42
Q

IgM

A

five Y shaped molecules held together
too big to escape from bloodstream
provides important defense of bloodstream itself
body’s lifeline - any MO that makes it this far into the body will meet these

43
Q

mast cells

A

a type of immune system assistant
mostly involved in allergic reactions
releases histamine to initiate inflammation

44
Q

memory cells

A 
when a large number of CTLs are left
"memory" of the battle
like guards or UN peacekeepers
if the antigen shows up again, there are enough CTLs (memory cells) left to eliminate it before it causes symptoms again
helps immune system prevent infection
45
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

the natural way of obtaining protection against an MO
naturally exposed to antigens on live MOs by being infected and getting sick
own immune system helps you recover by producing antibodies and CTLs; left with a large number of memory cells after recovery and makes you immune

46
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A 
a mechanism to provide protection to babies whose immune systems cannot respond quickly enough to a threat
babies receive IgG class antibodies before birth thru umbilical cord
after birth, babies receive antibodies of the IgA class thru breast milk
47
Q

neutralization

A

attaching to the MO so it cannot attach to the host cell
when antibodies cover up the spike proteins, pili, cell wall, or capusle
gets washed away

48
Q

opsonization

A

technical term for “tagging”
antibody “glues” an MO and a phagocytic cell together
is a red flag to the phagocytic cell that this MO needs to be eaten

49
Q

perforins

A

a protein
released by killer cells of the immune system
destroys targeted cells by creating lesions like pores in their membranes

50
Q

serum sickness

A

when your own antibodies attack the injected antibodies from a donor
the complement system is activated throughout entire bloodstream
red blood cells accidentally get punctured, causing inflammation all over the body
swelling all over the body and other allergic symptoms like trouble breathing

51
Q

T lymphocyte

A

aka - T cells
have receptors for antigens called TCRs (T cell receptors)
one T cell has one TCR gene giving it the ability to make one kind of TCR which matches the shape of one antigen
10 million different T cells

52
Q

TCR

A

T cell receptor
all clones of T cells made in an immune response have the same TCR
matches the shape of one specific antigen

53
Q

vaccine

A

the easier way to obtain the first exposure to an antigen and end up with memory cells
usually contain dead or weakened (attenuated) MOs
immune system reacts just like a normal infection, but no symptoms
you only are immune to what you have been vaccinated against

54
Q

variable region

A

the arms on antibodies
the shape of arms varies from antibody to antibody
matches different antigens

55
Q

allergic reaction

A

histamine is released when an antigen is introduced to the body
causes inflammation
when antigens attach to the mast cells located only in the area exposed

56
Q

antihistamine

A

medications against allergic reactions
block inflammation
provide very short term benefits
need to be taken as long as you are exposed to antigen and every time you are exposed to that antigen

57
Q

chemotherapy

A

a treatment for cancer and auto-immune diseases
stops cells from copying their DNA and reproducing
stops all cells though, not just the ones causing problems

58
Q

cyclosporine

A

the drug used to prevent organ transplant rejection
blocks T helper cells from producing interleukin and assisting in the cloning of other lymphocytes
usually needs to be taken for the rest of the recipient’s life and suppresses the immune system

59
Q

immune surveillance

A

the immune system being constantly on the lookout for something foreign
especially helpful in cancer cells
immune system searches them out and destroys cancer cells before they can grow too much

60
Q

immunotherapy

A

enhancing the natural process of immune surveillance
using drugs analogous to interleukin
stimulates lymphocytes to reproduce
or vaccines can be given to prepare the immune system for a future cancer
primary problem is identifying proteins which are found only on cancer cells and not on normal cells
current experiment: collecting CTLs around a tumor and making them reproduce abundantly

61
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers
they transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another “target” neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell
received by receptors on the target cells

Biology 101 Infectious Diseases (4 decks)

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