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Biology 101 Infectious Diseases > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gram - Negative

A

bacteria that does not rely on peptidoglycan

call wall with a material made of lipopolysaccharide

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2
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

bacteria whose toxins cause botulism
gram-positive
rod-shaped
can form endospores

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3
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme used in replication
usually works in pairs
creates identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule
not perfect - makes mistakes

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4
Q

transcription

A

copying a gene so it can be sent out to cytoplasm
mRNA matches up w/ DNA blocks
linked together
large amounts of ATP needed

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5
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme used to splice
ex. insulin into plasmids to then be replicated over and over
facilitates joining of DNA strands together
used in both DNA repair and replication

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6
Q

staphylo

A

general arrangement of bacterial cell
3-dimensional cluster
gram-positive
stuck together side by side and end to end

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7
Q

lysosome

A

organelle in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
contains degradative enzymes
disassemble worn out cell parts and foreign material
membrane to keep dangerous enzymes inside

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A

mixture of proteins and lipids
selectively permeable/porous
controls porosity of outer cell boundary
also aids in attachment

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9
Q

procaryotic cells

A

no nucleus, nuclear envelope, or organelles
bacterial cells
one large chromosome + plasmids

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10
Q

capsule

A

additional layer outside of cell wall
thick/sticky
made of polysaccharides
enables attachment, attracts water, and protects cell

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11
Q

flagella

A 
long, rigid, curved thread
extends from PM thru cell wall & capsule
propels bacteria forward
especially functional in water
made of protein flagellin
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12
Q

log phase

A

once adjustments are made, bacteria will begin to reproduce @ maximum rate/shortest generation time
increases logarithmic-ally

draw diagram

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13
Q

bases

A 
what genes are made of
4 DNA - G C A T
4 mRNA - G C A U
made of nucleotides
~900-1000 in a particular sequence make up a gene
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14
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

bacteria that require an oxygen free environment
have necessary enzymes to use an alternative atom to pick up H waste
like…sulfur, nitrogen, etc.

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15
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme in tears and saliva that causes lysis
peptidoglycan fibers break down and PM bulges out
explosion

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16
Q

mitochondria

A

contains all of the enzymes required to extract energy from food & convert it into ATP
organelle in eukaryotic cells
double-membrane bound

17
Q

vibrio

A

spiral shape of bacteria (curved rod)
gram-negative
found in food-borne infections

18
Q

lag phase

A

1st phase that bacteria go thru
bacterial cells need time to adjust to new environment; absorb nutrients, germinate, synthesize enzymes
population remains constant for some time

draw diagram

19
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

has a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and organelles
humans, animals, plants and fungi
internal and external membranes prevent the uncontrolled movement of enzymes and other materials

20
Q

receptor

A

mediates PM’s ability to attach to other things
like tiny feelers
if shapes match, they stick

draw diagram

21
Q

nuclear envelope

A

boundary around nucleus
keeps chromosomes safe
double lipid bilayer

draw diagram

22
Q

replication

A

all of the info in a parent cell has to be copied to be passed on to the daughter cells
relies on ability of genes to act as templates
copies ENTIRE chromosome
uses DNA polymerase

23
Q

incubation period

A

the length of time b/t exposure to bacteria & appearance of symptoms of infection
bacteria must reach critical # to make you sick
varies b/t bacteria and based on many facors, like temp and level of oxygen

24
Q

gram-positive

A 
bacteria has a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
like a woven fabric, very porous
keeps cell from exploding
susceptible to penicillin
ex. staph and strep
25
Q

penicillin

A

a group of antibiotics

doesn’t work on lipopolysaccharide walls

26
Q

strepto

A

general arrangement of bacterial cells
stuck together end to end in long chains
gram positive

diagram

27
Q

generation time

A

amount of time required for one cycle of steps in binary fission/time which elapses from one generation of bacteria to the next
depends on - kind of bacteria and environmental factors
average - ~1 hour

28
Q

coccus

A

general shape of bacteria
round/spherical

diagram

29
Q

RNA polymerase

A

used to link mRNA blocks together into a chain in transcription
an enzyme

30
Q

recombinant plasmid

A

Google: DNA fragments or genes can be inserted into a plasmid vector, then plasmid can be introduced into a bacterium
bacteria can divide rapidly and can be used as factories to copy DNA fragments in large quantities

31
Q

aerobic bacteria

A

bacteria w/ an absolute requirement for oxygen
if O2 is not available, ATP is not produced
no ATP means no power for enzymes to construct new parts
ex. Myobacterium tuberculosis

32
Q

toxin

A

an antigenic poison or venom

causes disease when present at a low concentration in the body

33
Q

mutation

A

a permanent change in the order of the bases in a gene
is spread to all the cell’s progeny
can be caused by chemicals, radiation, etc.
biggest cause: DNA polymerase

34
Q

decline phase

A

total population decline of bacteria
happens when the body’s defense get upper hand
population drops logarithmic-ally
live bacteria still present

diagram

35
Q

peptidoglycan

A 
structure like woven fabric
criss-cross
glycan fibers (sugars) connected by peptido fibers (amino acids)
very porous
prevents explosion of cell

diagram

36
Q

transformation

A

genes are released from a dying donor cell
recipient cell uses endonucleases to quickly break up exposed chromosome
recipient cell creates larger holes in the cell wall and special channels in PM - dangerous
absorbed DNA must replace part of the chromosome or plasmid to stay

37
Q

facultative bacteria

A

bacteria that can switch to an alternative ATP - production system called fermentation
will use oxygen if available, but doesn’t need it

38
Q

mitosis

A

how eukaryotic cells reproduce

uses different enzymes than binary fission

39
Q

plasmid

A 
small DNA molecule w/in bacterial cell that is physically separate from a chromosomal DNA 
can be replicated independently 
mini-chromosomes
directly exposed to cyptoplasm
several present
can have up to 10-20 genes

Biology 101 Infectious Diseases (4 decks)

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