``` long, rigid, curved thread extends from PM thru cell wall & capsule propels bacteria forward especially functional in water made of protein flagellin ```

Exam 1 Flashcards by Sarah Stover

Gram - Negative

bacteria that does not rely on peptidoglycan

call wall with a material made of lipopolysaccharide

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Clostridium botulinum

bacteria whose toxins cause botulism
gram-positive
rod-shaped
can form endospores

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DNA polymerase

enzyme used in replication
usually works in pairs
creates identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule
not perfect - makes mistakes

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transcription

copying a gene so it can be sent out to cytoplasm
mRNA matches up w/ DNA blocks
linked together
large amounts of ATP needed

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DNA ligase

an enzyme used to splice
ex. insulin into plasmids to then be replicated over and over
facilitates joining of DNA strands together
used in both DNA repair and replication

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staphylo

general arrangement of bacterial cell
3-dimensional cluster
gram-positive
stuck together side by side and end to end

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lysosome

organelle in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
contains degradative enzymes
disassemble worn out cell parts and foreign material
membrane to keep dangerous enzymes inside

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plasma membrane

mixture of proteins and lipids
selectively permeable/porous
controls porosity of outer cell boundary
also aids in attachment

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procaryotic cells

no nucleus, nuclear envelope, or organelles
bacterial cells
one large chromosome + plasmids

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capsule

additional layer outside of cell wall
thick/sticky
made of polysaccharides
enables attachment, attracts water, and protects cell

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flagella

long, rigid, curved thread
extends from PM thru cell wall &amp; capsule
propels bacteria forward
especially functional in water
made of protein flagellin

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log phase

once adjustments are made, bacteria will begin to reproduce @ maximum rate/shortest generation time
increases logarithmic-ally

draw diagram

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bases

what genes are made of
4 DNA - G C A T
4 mRNA - G C A U
made of nucleotides
~900-1000 in a particular sequence make up a gene

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anaerobic bacteria

bacteria that require an oxygen free environment
have necessary enzymes to use an alternative atom to pick up H waste
like…sulfur, nitrogen, etc.

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lysozyme

an enzyme in tears and saliva that causes lysis
peptidoglycan fibers break down and PM bulges out
explosion

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mitochondria

contains all of the enzymes required to extract energy from food & convert it into ATP
organelle in eukaryotic cells
double-membrane bound

vibrio

spiral shape of bacteria (curved rod)
gram-negative
found in food-borne infections

lag phase

1st phase that bacteria go thru
bacterial cells need time to adjust to new environment; absorb nutrients, germinate, synthesize enzymes
population remains constant for some time

draw diagram

eukaryotic cell

has a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and organelles
humans, animals, plants and fungi
internal and external membranes prevent the uncontrolled movement of enzymes and other materials

receptor

mediates PM’s ability to attach to other things
like tiny feelers
if shapes match, they stick

draw diagram

nuclear envelope

boundary around nucleus
keeps chromosomes safe
double lipid bilayer

draw diagram

replication

all of the info in a parent cell has to be copied to be passed on to the daughter cells
relies on ability of genes to act as templates
copies ENTIRE chromosome
uses DNA polymerase

incubation period

the length of time b/t exposure to bacteria & appearance of symptoms of infection
bacteria must reach critical # to make you sick
varies b/t bacteria and based on many facors, like temp and level of oxygen

gram-positive

bacteria has a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
like a woven fabric, very porous
keeps cell from exploding
susceptible to penicillin
ex. staph and strep

penicillin

a group of antibiotics | doesn't work on lipopolysaccharide walls

strepto

general arrangement of bacterial cells stuck together end to end in long chains gram positive ***diagram***

generation time

amount of time required for one cycle of steps in binary fission/time which elapses from one generation of bacteria to the next depends on - kind of bacteria and environmental factors average - ~1 hour

coccus

general shape of bacteria round/spherical ***diagram***

RNA polymerase

used to link mRNA blocks together into a chain in transcription an enzyme

recombinant plasmid

Google: DNA fragments or genes can be inserted into a plasmid vector, then plasmid can be introduced into a bacterium bacteria can divide rapidly and can be used as factories to copy DNA fragments in large quantities

aerobic bacteria

bacteria w/ an absolute requirement for oxygen if O2 is not available, ATP is not produced no ATP means no power for enzymes to construct new parts ex. Myobacterium tuberculosis

toxin

an antigenic poison or venom | causes disease when present at a low concentration in the body

mutation

a permanent change in the order of the bases in a gene is spread to all the cell's progeny can be caused by chemicals, radiation, etc. biggest cause: DNA polymerase

decline phase

total population decline of bacteria happens when the body's defense get upper hand population drops logarithmic-ally live bacteria still present ***diagram***

peptidoglycan

``` structure like woven fabric criss-cross glycan fibers (sugars) connected by peptido fibers (amino acids) very porous prevents explosion of cell ``` ***diagram***

transformation

genes are released from a dying donor cell recipient cell uses endonucleases to quickly break up exposed chromosome recipient cell creates larger holes in the cell wall and special channels in PM - dangerous absorbed DNA must replace part of the chromosome or plasmid to stay

facultative bacteria

bacteria that can switch to an alternative ATP - production system called fermentation will use oxygen if available, but doesn't need it

mitosis

how eukaryotic cells reproduce | uses different enzymes than binary fission

plasmid

``` small DNA molecule w/in bacterial cell that is physically separate from a chromosomal DNA can be replicated independently mini-chromosomes directly exposed to cyptoplasm several present can have up to 10-20 genes ```