Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 101 Infectious Diseases > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gram - Negative

A

bacteria that does not rely on peptidoglycan

call wall with a material made of lipopolysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

bacteria whose toxins cause botulism
gram-positive
rod-shaped
can form endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme used in replication
usually works in pairs
creates identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule
not perfect - makes mistakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

transcription

A

copying a gene so it can be sent out to cytoplasm
mRNA matches up w/ DNA blocks
linked together
large amounts of ATP needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme used to splice
ex. insulin into plasmids to then be replicated over and over
facilitates joining of DNA strands together
used in both DNA repair and replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

staphylo

A

general arrangement of bacterial cell
3-dimensional cluster
gram-positive
stuck together side by side and end to end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lysosome

A

organelle in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
contains degradative enzymes
disassemble worn out cell parts and foreign material
membrane to keep dangerous enzymes inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

plasma membrane

A

mixture of proteins and lipids
selectively permeable/porous
controls porosity of outer cell boundary
also aids in attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

procaryotic cells

A

no nucleus, nuclear envelope, or organelles
bacterial cells
one large chromosome + plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

capsule

A

additional layer outside of cell wall
thick/sticky
made of polysaccharides
enables attachment, attracts water, and protects cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

flagella

A 
long, rigid, curved thread
extends from PM thru cell wall & capsule
propels bacteria forward
especially functional in water
made of protein flagellin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

log phase

A

once adjustments are made, bacteria will begin to reproduce @ maximum rate/shortest generation time
increases logarithmic-ally

draw diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bases

A 
what genes are made of
4 DNA - G C A T
4 mRNA - G C A U
made of nucleotides
~900-1000 in a particular sequence make up a gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

bacteria that require an oxygen free environment
have necessary enzymes to use an alternative atom to pick up H waste
like…sulfur, nitrogen, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme in tears and saliva that causes lysis
peptidoglycan fibers break down and PM bulges out
explosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mitochondria

A

contains all of the enzymes required to extract energy from food & convert it into ATP
organelle in eukaryotic cells
double-membrane bound

17
Q

vibrio

A

spiral shape of bacteria (curved rod)
gram-negative
found in food-borne infections

18
Q

lag phase

A

1st phase that bacteria go thru
bacterial cells need time to adjust to new environment; absorb nutrients, germinate, synthesize enzymes
population remains constant for some time

draw diagram

19
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

has a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and organelles
humans, animals, plants and fungi
internal and external membranes prevent the uncontrolled movement of enzymes and other materials

20
Q

receptor

A

mediates PM’s ability to attach to other things
like tiny feelers
if shapes match, they stick

draw diagram

21
Q

nuclear envelope

A

boundary around nucleus
keeps chromosomes safe
double lipid bilayer

draw diagram

22
Q

replication

A

all of the info in a parent cell has to be copied to be passed on to the daughter cells
relies on ability of genes to act as templates
copies ENTIRE chromosome
uses DNA polymerase

23
Q

incubation period

A

the length of time b/t exposure to bacteria & appearance of symptoms of infection
bacteria must reach critical # to make you sick
varies b/t bacteria and based on many facors, like temp and level of oxygen

24
Q

gram-positive

A 
bacteria has a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
like a woven fabric, very porous
keeps cell from exploding
susceptible to penicillin
ex. staph and strep
25
Q

penicillin

A

a group of antibiotics

doesn’t work on lipopolysaccharide walls

26
Q

strepto

A

general arrangement of bacterial cells
stuck together end to end in long chains
gram positive

diagram

27
Q

generation time

A

amount of time required for one cycle of steps in binary fission/time which elapses from one generation of bacteria to the next
depends on - kind of bacteria and environmental factors
average - ~1 hour

28
Q

coccus

A

general shape of bacteria
round/spherical

diagram

29
Q

RNA polymerase

A

used to link mRNA blocks together into a chain in transcription
an enzyme

30
Q

recombinant plasmid

A

Google: DNA fragments or genes can be inserted into a plasmid vector, then plasmid can be introduced into a bacterium
bacteria can divide rapidly and can be used as factories to copy DNA fragments in large quantities

31
Q

aerobic bacteria

A

bacteria w/ an absolute requirement for oxygen
if O2 is not available, ATP is not produced
no ATP means no power for enzymes to construct new parts
ex. Myobacterium tuberculosis

32
Q

toxin

A

an antigenic poison or venom

causes disease when present at a low concentration in the body

33
Q

mutation

A

a permanent change in the order of the bases in a gene
is spread to all the cell’s progeny
can be caused by chemicals, radiation, etc.
biggest cause: DNA polymerase

34
Q

decline phase

A

total population decline of bacteria
happens when the body’s defense get upper hand
population drops logarithmic-ally
live bacteria still present

diagram

35
Q

peptidoglycan

A 
structure like woven fabric
criss-cross
glycan fibers (sugars) connected by peptido fibers (amino acids)
very porous
prevents explosion of cell

diagram

36
Q

transformation

A

genes are released from a dying donor cell
recipient cell uses endonucleases to quickly break up exposed chromosome
recipient cell creates larger holes in the cell wall and special channels in PM - dangerous
absorbed DNA must replace part of the chromosome or plasmid to stay

37
Q

facultative bacteria

A

bacteria that can switch to an alternative ATP - production system called fermentation
will use oxygen if available, but doesn’t need it

38
Q

mitosis

A

how eukaryotic cells reproduce

uses different enzymes than binary fission

39
Q

plasmid

A 
small DNA molecule w/in bacterial cell that is physically separate from a chromosomal DNA 
can be replicated independently 
mini-chromosomes
directly exposed to cyptoplasm
several present
can have up to 10-20 genes

Biology 101 Infectious Diseases (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions