exam 3 Flashcards
Describe the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
A- Substrate level is ATP production by direct enzymatic transfer of phosphate from and intermediated Oxidative is the production of ATP, which is result of transferring electrons from food to oxygen.
What is fermentation? How is it related to anaerobic cellular respiration? How is it related to aerobic cellular respiration?
A- Secondary process, fast way, not oxygen, least efficient. But requires oxygen to make it works and both use oxygen
How is oxygen involved in aerobic cellular respiration? How is electronegativity involved? How is diffusion involved
A- Oxygen is a very electromagnetic element, it pulls electrons through oxygen is moving through a high concentrated area to a low concentrated area
Where do the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place? What is the difference between cyclic and non-cyclic electron flow? What is the function of these reactions? Where do the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place? What is the function of these reactions? List inputs and outputs.
and ps2. Non cyclic= light dependent ps1 and ps2, non-cyclic just ps1, while the function of these reactions is to make energy for the plants, O2 is just a byproduct. Inputs= light, water, and co2 output= glucose and oxygen
What are pigments? How are they involved in the colors we see? What pigments are absorbed for photosynthesis
A- a pigment is a visible light, the color that is reflected is the color your see. All pigments but green are absorbed
How is wavelength of light related to energy?
A- The shorter the wavelength the more energy it has.
What is the reaction center chlorophyll? What is the primary electron acceptor?
A- P700 is when energy gets absorbs light optimally in photosystem 1
Compare and contrast aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis. How are they similar? How are they different? How are they related to each other?
A- They both end up using the same products, but they are the complete opposite, they are needed for each other.
Who uses aerobic cellular respiration? Who uses photosynthesis? Who ferments?
A- we use aerobic respiration because we breath. and plants use photosynthesis. Muscle cells use fermentation and so does pyruvate
What happens to electrons when they become excited by light energy?
A- They release light energy and are unstable so they go back down to negative
Where is the ‘point of no return’? What does that mean?
Prophase. Because once it hits there it can’t turn back.d
What is the function(s) of mitosis, -of meiosis
Mitosis is to make replace, heal, and for growth it is cloning. While meiosis makes reproduction cells and has variation.
List the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Meiosis makes four cell that are haploid and mitosis makes 2 cells that are diploids.
In reference to chromosomes, what is meant by 2n, by 1n? If 2n = 12, what does 1n equal?
2 nuclei = 2n and if 2n equals that there is 3 homologous chromosomes and 1n would equal 6 chromosome pairs.
What is different between plant cell and animal cell cytokinesis
The shape for one, and to add to that is how they have cell plates and cleavage furrow
What are 3 sources of variation in sexual reproduction
- cross over, random fertilization, and mutation
Define all terms I presented including the six terms I defined on the whiteboard (chromosome, chromatin, etc.)
A- Chromatin- a single strand of dna, chromosome is when they are linked and ready for division, centrosomes- organelles that build microtubules that become part of the spindle. centrioles- in animal cells they organize spindles and centrosome has two,
What are homologous chromosomes? How do they differ from sister chromatids?
Homologous are the same while sister can be crossed over and that can make them no longer homologous.
Describe the significance of the work of Gregor Mendel.
A- Gregor Mendel revolutionized genetics and got rid of the blending theory
Define: heredity, variation, genetics, and genes. How do genes relate to chromosomes
A- Heredity- transmission of traits from one gen to the next, variation- offspring are different from parent to siblings, genetics- the study of heredity, genes- units of hereditary, what humans inherit from parents
Describe the preMendel theory of blending. What questions remain unanswered by the blending theory of genetics
The theory of blending was that both parents had all of themselves. and some unanswered questions where
What is the difference between the terms character and trait in the context of Mendelian genetics
A- A character is a detectable inheritable feature of an organism and a trait is a variant of an inheritable character
What is a true breeder? How does that relate to Mendel’s work
A- A true breeder is asexual and is a clone and it relates in the way
Describe the process of hybridization used by Mendel using the terms P generation, F1 generation and F2 generation.
A- P= parent f1= fist children generation, and f2 gen = first gens children.
