exam 3 Flashcards
The concept that the nucleotide sequence in the DNA has a linear correspondence to the amino acid sequence in the protein encoded by that gene
colinearity
the three nucleotide sequence that specifies a particular amino acid
codon
the concept that there is more than one codon specifying a particular amino acid
degeneracy
those three nucleotide sequences that specify amino acids
sense codons
those three nucleotide sequences that do not specify an amino acid; instead they cause termination of translation
nonsense codons
a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide, a tRNA, or an rRNA
gene
the strand of DNA encoding the mRNA
sense strand
the strand of DNA complementary to the one encoding the mRNA
antisense strand
an idealized sequence composed of the bases most often found at each position of a regulatory sequence when such sequences from different organisms are compared
consensus sequence
the region at which RNA polymerase binds before initiating transcription of the downstream sequences
promoter
the transcribed but not translated sequence immediately upstream from the region that encodes the functional product
leader sequence
the transcribed and translated region of a gene
coding region
the transcribed but not translated sequence immediately downstream of the translation termination signal
trailer sequence
alterations in the base sequence of the genomic nucleic acid
mutations
mutations that are expresssed only under certain environmental conditions
conditional mutations
mutations that arise in the absence of any added agent
spontaneous mutations
mutations that arise as a result of exposure to some physical or chemical agent
induced mutations
physical or chemical agent that can cause mutation
mutagen
mutations resulting in purine-purine or pyrmidine-pyrmidine substitutions
transition mutations
mutations resulting in purine-pyrmidine or pyrmidine-purine substitutions
transversion mutations
mutations that result in a change in the reading frame
frameshift mutations
the most prevalent gene form in a population
wild type
a mutation from the most prevalent gene form in the population
forward mutation
a mutation to the most prevalent gene form in the population
reverse mutation
a second mutation that overcomes the effect of the first mutation
suppressor mutation
a mutation involving only one base pair
point mutation
a mutation that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein
silent mutation
a mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein by substitution
missense mutation
a mutation that causes premature termination of the synthesis of the protein product
nonsense mutation
destruction or removal of all microorganisms from an object or a particular environment
sterilization
a chemical that can be used to sterilize materials
sterilant
the killing of vegetative forms of pathogenic organisms or viruses
disinfection
agent used to carry out disinfection of inanimate objects
disinfectant
reduction of the microbial population to safe levels as determined by public health standards
sanitization
the prevention of infection
antisepsis
chemical agents that kill or damage pathogens and that are applied to living tissue to prevent infection
antiseptics
the lowest temperature at which a microbial population is killed in a specified period of time
thermal death point
