Exam 3 Flashcards
a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person.
Elderly abuse
Can be a variation of physical, psychological/emotional, sexual, financial, or simply reflect intentional or unintentional neglect.
Elderly abuse
Violation of human rights and a significant cause of injury, illness, lost productivity, isolation, and despair.
Elderly abuse
In 1987 this act was created to provide definitions of elder abuse and direct the use of federal funds for awareness and coordination activities.
Older Americans Act
Became law in March 2010 as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Elder Justice Act
Charged with providing reports on activities, accomplishments, and challenges in this area and with making recommendations to congressional committees.
Elder Justice Coordinating Council
Laws enacted in all U.S. states establish systems for reporting and investigating abuse through _______.
Adult Protective Services
Make up a substantial percentage of elder abuser.s.
Spouses
Spousal elderly abuse typically shows a history of one member exerting control over the other through intimidation and violence.
True
____% of perpetrators of sexual abuse were intimate partners.
58%
Older women who are victims of intimate partner violence have many experiences that are _________
similar to those of their younger counterparts
Older women were raised in an era where ___
- divorce was a source of shame.
- less likely to have higher education
- they never lived alone
- No independent skills (finances)
- nursing home costs
- household contribution (limited)
Multifaceted motivations for an elderly relative
Two main categories of children AS abusers
financial dependent abusers
stress induced abusers
Dependent on the victim for financial assistance, housing, and other supports.
financial dependent abusers
Abuse as a result of stress caused by demand for caring for an individual who may suffer from dementia or other illnesses that manifest themselves in a high need for physical care or disruptive behavior.
stress induced abusers
Refers to older adults who are abused while they are residents of long-term facilities.
Institutional abuse
____% reported having seen at least one incident of physical abuse perpetrated by staff of an institution in the past year, most frequently inappropriate use of restraints,
36%
Typologies of sexual offenders against the elderly
- Opportunistic
- Pervasive anger
- Sexual-type
- Sexual sadistic
- sexual non-sadistic
- vindictive
Elderly abuse prevention (2)
- Care-giving
- Education
Mandatory reporting laws and adult protective services are _____
Integrally linked
A report of elderly abuse results in ____
an assessment from adult protective services
When an elderly person is determined to be abused they _____
agree to the intervention
Women abuse programs provide ____
the model for elder abuse approach
The intentional and sometimes unintentional or accidental killing of another person.
Homicide
Unlawful taking of human life that is committed intentionally or with malice aforethought
Murder
Earliest system for classification of homicide
UCR
The US homicide rate has steadily ____
deceased throughout the 1990’s
2000 homicide rate
5.5 per 100,000
Homicide rates began to ____ in the beginning on 2001.
Increase. 5.6 per 100,000
The murder rate in Canada is _______ than the US
considerably lower
Homicide offenders tend to server ____
longer prison terms
The average stay in prison for homicide offenders between 1896 and 2003
increased by 116%
How many states have capital punishment as a penalty for murder
36 (32 in 2014)
Circumstances that can result in capital punishment
first degree murder, aggravated murder, murder involving sexual assaults or kidnapping, or murder involving drug trafficking
Recidivism rates
67% rearrested
50% re-incarcerated within 3 years.
Homicide recidivism rates
40.7%. Of 19,268 homicide offenders 3,051 committed homicides within 3 years
Six states running Prisoner Reentry Academies
Georgia, Idaho, Massachusetts, Michigan, Rhode Island, Virginia
Forces a police department to arrest perpetrators of family violence due to the fear of being held liable for failing to act.
Civil litigation
One victim and one homicidal event
Single homicide
Two victims who are killed at the same time in one location.
Double homicide
Three victims killed at one time in one location.
Triple homicide
Any single event, single location homicide involving four or more victims
mass murder
One person operating in one location at one period of time, which could be minutes, hours or even days
Mass Murder
If four or more members are killed and the perpetrator takes his own life.
Mass murder-suicide
If four or more members are killed but the perpetrator does not take his own life.
Family Mass murder
A singled event with two or more locations and no emotional cooling-off period between murders. Can be long or short in duration.
Spree Murder
Three or more separate events in three or more separate locations with an emotional cooling-off period between homicides.
Serial Murder
the role of the victim in the crime
victim perception
Which ethnic group committed ~51% of all total homicides reported to law enforcement?
Blacks
_____ accounted for 90.20% of homicides from 1980-2004
Males
Crimes that are not spontaneous or spur of the moment
Organized crimes
“Survivor” and emphasizes the depth of the trauma of a homicide
co-victim
Criminal conduct motivated in whole or in part by a preformed negative opinion or attitude toward a group based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability.
Hate Crime
Words used as weapons to ambush, terrorize, wound, humiliate, and degrade
Hate speech
Two types of hate crime
Property (42%)
Person (58%)
When was the first hate crime legislation introduced in the US?
1920’s and 2940’s as a response to the lynching of African Americans.
The majority of racially motivated hate crimes are directed toward ______
black individuals
intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.
xenophobia
Typologies of hate crime
Racial, Religion, disability, gender, sexual orientation, political
Typologies of offenders of hate crime motivation
Thrill seeking, defensive, retaliatory, mission
Target the use of self-destructing human beings against civilian populations to effect political change.
-Primary targets are witnesses.
Suicide bombers
The outcomes of hate crimes are often highly ______
successful
Significantly higher assault severity than that of normally reported assaults
hate based assaults
Illegal activity conducted through a computer.
Cybercrime
Unauthorized access to a computer or network which may be motivated to publicize beliefs or protest against a certain cause or simply for personal gain.
Computer hacking
Essential services, such as medical systems or banking systems, can be disrupted
Cyberterrorism
Deception conducted through the internet for the purpose of financial gain
Internet fraud
Deception conducted through the internet for the purpose of financial gain
Internet fraud
mandates countries to have unified legislation for international crime prevention (electronic)
Cybercrime Convention
Includes rumors being spread about someone through the use of emails or website postings.
Cyberbullying
Yields billions of dollars in profits
Child pornography
Individuals who view child pornography become desensitized and ______
seek out more and more violent and shocking material
Internet offenders who trade and/or collect child pornography online.
-Production, possession, and distribution
Traders
Seek to meet child in person after communicating through e-mail or in a chat room.
-sadistic and homicidal acts
Travelers
is a crime in which the attacker harasses a victim using electronic communication, such as e-mail or instant messaging (IM), or messages posted to a Web site or a discussion group.
cyberstalking
Purposeful, unlawful act to deceive, manipulate or provide false statements to damage others often in a material sense.
Fraud
Percentage of students who correctly identified fraudulent sites in a study of 80 MBA students.
15%
Occurs when someone uses the information of another, such as a name, SSN, or credit card number to commit fraud
Identity Theft
Ways that information is obtained to commit identity theft
Dumpster diving, skimming, phishing, changing victims address, stealing wallet.
Grants the exclusive right to authors and developers for distribution, recording, displaying, and performing their work.
-Since 1909 but the internet makes this complicated.
Copyright laws
Taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear
Robbery
Concerns the taking of a person’s property without the permission of the property owner or possessor of that property but does not involve threat
Larceny (theft)
Uninvited and illegal entry into a person’s property, cargo container, or any vehicle or vessel.
Burglary
Frequently a secondary crime or byproduct of the intention to commit another crime, typically a more serious crime.
Burglary
A situation in which one or more perpetrators force entry into a home where inhabitants are present for the purposes of robbery, rape, or other crime.
Home invasion
Key element of home invasion robberies
confrontation
State that made home invasion a first degree felony
Florida (93)
With intent to cause death or bodily harm takes a motor vehicle that has been transported, shipped, or received in interstate or foreign commerce from the person or presence of another by force, violence, or intimidation.
Carjacking
Law passed in Louisiana (98) which allows homicide committed by a person who is lawfully inside a motor vehicle against someone who is unlawfully attempting to enter the vehicle if the person believes that deadly force in needed.
Shoot the carjacker
Highest death by homicide occupations
taxicab establishments, liquor stores, bars, gas stations
Highest risk jobs
police, sheriffs, security guards, jewelry store owner
Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation
White Collar Crime
In about ___% of convictions that are overturned, the issue has been eyewitness identification.
75%
Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security, or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin.
Racial profiling
-Desire for excitement
-Youths acting in groups
Typology of offenders of hate crime motivation
Thrill seeking
-Seen as necessary from the offender’s prejudice point of view.
-Committed near victim’s home, school, or business
Typology of offenders of hate crime motivation
Defensive
In response to real or believed incident committed by someone in the targeted groups.
-Seen as avenging the death of someone
Typology of offenders of hate crime motivation
Retaliatory
Attempt to rid the world of evil
Usually a member of an organized group
Typology of offenders of hate crime motivation
Mission
