Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Introduced as an amendment to the 1964 Elementary and Secondary School Act
A
The Gun Free School Act
2
Q
Violence training, prevention, school safety plans, emergency response plans, code of conduct, and procedures for dealing with violent students in New York.
A
Schools Against Violence in Education (SAVE 1990)
3
Q
Bullying
A
unwanted or aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves real or perceived power imbalance.
4
Q
Physical bullying is reported ______ as many time in boys than girls.
A
Twice
5
Q
Verbal bullying
A
Threats, taunts, name calling, derogatory comments.
6
Q
Social bullying
A
rumors and behaviors aimed at deliberate social exclusions.
7
Q
Social bullying is reported more by _______
A
girls.
8
Q
Distinguishing characteristics of victims of bullying.
A
- More likely to report being physically harmed be a family member.
- Family violence is higher than that of bullies families.
9
Q
Bullying is often perpetuated by someone the victim believes to be _______
A
a friend.
10
Q
Those who bully experience
A
- poor psychological adjustment.
- higher rates of drug and alcohol abuse
- early sexual activity.
- criminal convictions
- partner violence.
11
Q
Those who are bullied experience
A
- psychological distress
- adjustment problems
- anxiety
- low self-esteem
- avoidant and withdrawal behaviors.
12
Q
Sings a child may be a victim of bullying
A
-damaged clothes/belongings
-loses personal items
-unexplained injuries
-avoids school
-has fewer friends
-changes eating habits
fells bad about themselves
afraid of going to school or doing activities with friends
13
Q
Signs child may be a bully
A
Becomes violent or gets into fights with others
- frequent detentions/ sent to principles office
- extra money
- blames others
- friends are bullies
14
Q
When and where did gang violence begin?
A
1820’s in New York by those who faced extreme economic and social conditions.
15
Q
In the 1920’s the gang in Chicago consisted of
A
youth struggling with cultural clashes between the new country and their homeland. Lacked structure
16
Q
Youth gang
A
a self-formed association of peers who have three or more members, aged 12-24, a name/symbol on their clothing, hand signs, some degree of organization, and an elevated level of delinquent activity.
17
Q
2009 suggested there were _____ gangs and _____ gang members in the US
A
28,100 and 731,000
18
Q
Factors of development of youth gangs.
A
- families and school are ineffective. Adult supervision is absent.
- free time
- limited access to jobs or careers
- Congregation place.
19
Q
Theories of gang participation
A
Strain, social learning, systems, social control, and self-control
20
Q
Strain Theory
A
Multiple strains such as poverty and social disintegration. Look to achieve success through gangs.
21
Q
Social Learning Theory
A
Family disorganization. Gang provides normative model for behavior.
22
Q
Systems Theory
A
Family disorganization and inability to meet need. Other systems do not fill the gap. Gangs provide structured and protected environment.
23
Q
Social Control Theory
A
Lack clear community expectation of behavior.Gang provides rules and behavior guidelines.
24
Q
Self-Control Theory
A
Inability to control impulses.
25
3 characteristics of victims of gang violence.
1- live among the perpetrators
2-Seen contributing in the crime in some way
3-Afraidor unable to exercise victims rights.
26
School-based interventions to address gang violence in schools
- strengthen parenting skills.
- promotes and strengthen social and academic competencies.
- Enhance sense of community.
- Engagement of community leaders/groups.
- support for youth at risk
27
Threat
an expression of intention to inflict evil, injury, or damage. Can be written, spoken, or symbolic
-Have various levels of intensity.
28
Direct Threat
Specific act against a specific target.
29
Indirect Threat
Vague, unclear, and ambiguous.
30
Veiled Threat
Strongly implies but does not explicitly threaten violence.
31
Conditional Threat
Violent act will happen if a demand is not met.
32
Four elements for assessment of threat
personality dynamics, family dynamics, school dynamics, and social dynamics.
33
The civil justice system is designed to ensure ______
the rights of individuals who suffered the direct impact of crime.
34
Justice systems
Civil, criminal, family, and juvenile.
35
Oldest known tablet containing law codes surviving today.
Code of Ur-Namm
| -eye for an eye mentality.
36
Hammurabi did conquer other city-states although he let _____
the rulers of the cities-states justify rules and fair laws.
37
Mosaic Law
- 10 commandments
- religious observances.
- basis for Judeo-Christian morality.
38
Code of Justinian
3 book collection
- decrees of emperors, lawyers and judges who interpreted the decrees.
- simple termed legal process
39
Roman Law
12 tablets
- laws became less mystical
- private, criminal, public, and sacred.
40
Feudalism
- France
| - benefited the land owners (rich) and lower class worked for upper class to gain protection
41
English Common Law
Based on custom and precedent rather than statutory laws in that one court shaped the future decisions.
42
Common law of US is based on
William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England completed in 1769.
43
Grants all basic liberties for all British citizens
Magna Carta
44
Based on the principles that guilt of an accused must be proven and once established punishments for the offender must be proportional to the crime committed.
Retributive justice.
45
Utilitarian Justice
Not retributive against the offender but rather an attempt to prevent future harms.
46
Distributive Justice
- perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by (distributed across) group members
- Fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community.
47
Restorative Justice
- Informal and nonadjudicative forms of dispute resolution such as loss suffered by a victim.
- Focus needs to be on victim and offenders rather than the punishment.
- Includes a meeting or series of meeting with community leaders, offender, and victim.
48
Criminal Law
- Concerned with actions that are dangerous or harmful to a society.
- prosecution is administered by state not individual.
- purpose is to define what constitutes a crime and to prescribe punishment.
49
Levels of US Court Systems
- District Court: Hear all major civil and criminal cases.
- Federal Court: Created from Constitution, includes federal district courts, federal circuit courts, and US Supreme Court. Have jurisdiction over all cases violating federal statutes.
50
Once victims talk to police the police must decide whether or not to ____
press charges
51
Once a crime has been committed, a ___
suspect must be identified and apprehended for the case to proceed through the CJ system.
52
Prosecutor represents
the state's interests, is on the victims side, and does not require the victim to have their own lawyer.
53
May be made at the initial appearance but may occur at other hearings or may be changed at another time during the process.
Pretrial release
54
Pretrial decision is based on
information about the defendant's drug use, residence, employment, and family ties.
55
Main function of this hearing is to discover if there is probable cause to believe the accused committed a known crime within the jurisdiction of the court.
Preliminary hearing
56
Hears evidence against the accused presented by the prosecution and decides if there is sufficient evidence to cause the accused to be brought to trial.,
Grand Jury
57
Show the effect of a crime on the victim, friend/family of the victim
Victim Impact Statement
58
Restitution
Concept of giving back to an injured party
59
Civil Justice System
Private Justice.
| -private corporations or individuals that are being sued.
60
Civil Procedures.
- Does NOT attempt to determine guilt or seek incarceration.
| - Liability for injuries during crime.
61
Primary Victimization
Affects the targeted or personalized victim
62
Secondary victimization
Involves impersonal victims such as commercial establishments, churches, schools, etc.
-Can also include those assisting victims such as emergency responders and therapists.
63
Tertiary victimization
Diffuse and extends to the community at large
64
Prosecutors offices widespread in the 1800s up to then who was responsible for pursuing justice?
The victim
65
Two factors that reduced the centrality of victims in the process of justice
- The focus of crime turned to the general welfare of the community. (wrong against the public, secondary against the individual)
- Restitution
66
resulted in federal subsidies to state and local victim service, victim compensation, victim/witness assistance, domestic violence, and sexual assault prevention programs
Victims of Crime Act (VOCA 1982)
67
Crime Victims' Rights Act identifies which rights?
- Protection from the accused
- Reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of proceedings.
- No exclusion from public proceedings
- To be reasonably heard
- Confer with attorney
- Full and timely restitution provided by law
- Free from unreasonable delay.
68
Restitution is imposed in about _____ of violent offenses.
13%
69
Victim compensation
Funds paid by the state to ameliorate the personal costs of crime. Does depend on if victim is found guilty.
70
Four ways victim compensation is handled in US
1-Component of victim witness programs
2-Through victim-offender reconciliation programs
3- In conjunction with parole or probation supervisor
4-Through court based employment programs
71
Crime Victims fund is supported by
Criminal fines, forfeited bail bonds, penalties, special assessments. Always come from offenders
72
Victim fund requirements
-Crime must be reported within 3 days of offense and file claim within 2 years.
73
Spiritual explanations
Natural disasters were explained by interferences from the spirit world.
-Human suffering viewed as universal justice.
74
Classical Criminology
Rights of man needed to be protected from oppression and corruption of existing institutions.
-Beccaria.
75
All men are self-seeking and capable of committing crime; society has an interest to maintain social order and humans accept that anti-social behavior must be controlled; punishment must be used to deter crime but this punishment mus be proportioned to the crime.
Beccaria
76
Rational Choice
Individuals will freely determine whether to engage in crime based on an analysis of relative costs and benefits.
77
Positivistic
Premised on the assumption that human behavior was influenced by predetermined biological, psychological, and social factors.
78
Focused on hereditary and defectiveness and presumed that criminality could be either inherited genetically or produced by biological or physical defects.
Biological Theories
79
Behavior is driven by urges and impulses of the id and moderated by the superego.
Psychological factors
80
Mendelsohn's six victim types
-Completely Innocent
-Minor guilt and responsibility due to his/her own ignorance
-Guilty as the offender and shares equal responsibility
-Slightly guiltier than the offender
-Exclusively responsible for their own victimization.
-Imaginary victim.
(Most victims play a part in their own victimization)
81
Victimolgy is the reverse of criminology
Benjamin Mendelsohn
82
Hans von Hentig's 13 Category Typology
Young, female, old, mentally defective, immigrants, minorities, dull normals, depressed, acquisitive, wanton, lonesome and broken hearted, tormentors, blocked.
83
Schafer's victim precipitation typologies
Unrelated, provocative, precipitative, biologically weak, socially weak, self-victimizing, political
84
Just World Theory
In an effort to retain the belief that the world is predictable and safe people who become aware that another is victimized will search for an explanation and rationalize that the victim deserved it in some way.
85
Lifestyle routine theory
Personal characteristics and lifestyle activities increase or decrease an individual's risk of victimization.
(i.e. substance abuse, engaging in criminal activities, etc)
86
Fear of crime
Factor that influences victimization. Gender, race, age, income, and urban residence are all characteristics in fear of crime.
87
Factors affecting victimization
Opportunities, risk factors, motivated offenders, exposure, associations, dangerous time/places, dangerous behaviors, high-risk activities, defense/avoidance behaviors, structural/cultural proness.
88
Conflict Theory
- perspectives in sociology that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group
- Product of whoever wins the power struggle as labeling apparatus.
89
Societal-based theories
See crime and victimization in social structures that create inequality.
90
Marxists Theory
Uses societal based theories as a base but has a potential cure (communism)
91
Seeks to understand human experiences and behavior within a person-in-environment
Ecological Theory
92
Four systems of ecological Framework
Macro(economic, social, and political), Exo(environment), Micro(family), Ontogenic(individual)
93
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
Aimed at meeting a need for reliable, uniform crime statistics for the nation.
94
UCR Source Data
Compiled from law enforcement agencies across the country.
95
Advantages of UCR
- Compiled annually from all over US which allows comparisons by location and analysis of trends.
- Standardized crime definitions.
- Pattern data for crime and criminals.
96
Cleared by exception means
1- identified offender
2-sufficient evidence has been collected to support an arrest.
3-offenders exact location has been identified.
4-law enforcement encountered a circumstance outside of their control.
97
Limitations of UCR
- Stats only based on reported crimes
- Incomplete data and can be manipulated to boost a city's image.
- Data lacking on victims and offenders
- Data only reported on those who were arrested.
98
Crime and Victimization databases
UCR, NIBRS, NPS, ACCS (CA), NCVS, GSS, BCS (UK), ICVS, Interpol
99
NIBRS
National Incident Based Reporting System
100
How does NIBRS collect data?
Based on 53 different dimensions including specific offenses, victim and offenders characteristics, characteristics of person arrested, type of property stolen, Can focus on 33 different offenses.
101
Advantages of NIBRS
- Not restricted to limited offense categories
- Local, State, and national reporting needs
- Individual crime data can be collected
- Arrested and clearances can be linked.
- Linkages can be established (i,e, victims, property, etc)
- Cross law enforcement jurisdictions
- Strategical and tactical crime analysis can be made at local and regional level.
102
Disadvantages of NIBRS
- Voluntary
- Lengthy certification process
- Smaller populations reporting currently.
103
Hierarchy rule in UCR
Requires that only the most serious offense be reported if multiple offenses occurred.
104
Police practices effect on reporting
Response time, level of professionalism, policing styles, arrest practices.
105
NPS
National Prisoner Statistic Program
106
NPS aims to provide
national and state level data on prisoners in state and federal prison systems.
-Race, gender, age
107
Objectives of NPS
- Staffing for prisons.
- Major issues and trends such as occupancy rates, sentencing patterns,
- Special issue (HIV inmates)
108
Disadvantages to NPS
- Limited to inmates who served time in facilities.
| - lack of sufficient data to make conclusions.Lack of consistent sample size.
109
Interview reports with a random sample of people to ask whether they have been a victim of a crime.
Victimization surveys
110
Victimization survey objectives
- Estimate overall risk of becoming a victim.
- Monitor trends
- Risk Factor identification
- Observe long term outcomes for victims.
111
Advantages of Victim Surveys
- Focuses on unreported crimes.
- Provides trends on gender, race, time of occurrence, distance from home, injury medical care info, time lost from work, weapon use, economic factors
- Crime causation
- Theory development
- Consequence of crime
- New areas of study
- Response to the victim
- Offender populations
- Repeat victimization
112
NCVS
national Crime Victimization Survey
113
Objectives of NCVS
- Detailed information about victims
- Number and type of crimes not reported to the police.
- To provide uniform measures to selected types of crime
- Comparison data over time and types of areas.
114
NFVS
national Family Violence survey
115
Challenges to Victim Surveys
- Recall
- Telescoping (misspecification)
- Repeated victimization may not be remembered.
- Victim Knowledge
116
Criminology
Scientific study of non-legal aspects of crime.
117
Victimology
Scientific study of the victim, offender and society.
118
Mendelsohn's concept of a victim
1-Nature of the determinant that causes the suffering.
2- Social character of suffering
3- Importance of social factor.
4-Origin of inferiority complex.
119
Crime victim
Person, organization, or business that has been directly harmed as a result of the commission of an offense.
120
Most likely to fall victim to a crime
Black males 16-24 living in urban areas
121
Violent crimes involve _____
contact between victim and offender. Does not need ti show visible signs of injury.
122
Crime rates show ____ in US violent an d property crimes.
Decline
123
Cost of crime
Health, economic, CJ costs
124
Double victimization
The first victimization is at the hand of the criminal, the second by the criminal justice system (paperwork, hearings, trials).
125
Forensic victimization
The scientific study of victims for the purpose of addressing investigative and forensic issues.
126
Crime Scene Analysis Life Style Risk Factors
Victims are assessed as to their risk level by age, physical size, race, marital status, living situation, location of residence, and occupation.
127
Crime Scene Analysis Situational Risk Factors
victims location, activities at time of crime.
128
Crime scene assessment
```
1- Initial contact
2-assault scene
3-death scene
4-Body location
(all can be the same but can also be multiple locations
```
129
Cold case analysis
1- Not solved for 1 year
2- All leads have been exhausted
3-Closed from further investigations
