Exam 2 Flashcards
Any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.
Child maltreatment
Types of maltreatment that involve acts of commission
physical abuse, sexual abuse and physiological abuse.
Failure to provide, physical neglect, emotional neglect, medical/dental neglect, educational neglect, failure to supervise, exposure to violent environments are examples of
Acts of omission
A reporting system for all cases that come to the attention of child protective services, provides a primary approach for gathering statistics related to child abuse and neglect.
The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System
The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System is voluntary
True
Aside from the The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System what are the other four approaches to examining child maltreatment
- Prospective data collection in selected communities to identify cases of child maltreatment not reported to CPS.
- Asking adults about how they have treated their children during a specific period.
- Asking children about their experiences of violence, including their maltreatment.
- Asking adults how they were treated during their childhood.
A Congressional mandated, periodic effort of the US Department of Heath and Human Services.
National Incident Study (NIS)
Takes into account cases that were reported to CPS and those that were not.
National Incident Study (NIS)
Harm Standard
includes only children who have already experienced harm from abuse or neglect.
Harm Standard Statistics
More than 1.25 million US children (or 1 in 58) experienced maltreatment during 2005-2006.
-44% abused 61% neglected
Empowered town wardens to bind orphans to apprentices.
Orphan’s Act of 1799
Authorized the first federal grants for child welfare services in the US
Social Security Act 1935
Requires each state to establish policies and procedures for the reporting and investigation of child abuse and neglect.
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974
The types of professionals mandated to report child maltreatment has expanded to include..
almost everyone
_____ protect the reporter in good faith.
State statutes
Investigates cases of suspected child maltreatment and place children in foster care and helps families receive nurse practitioners or substances abuse counseling if needed.
Child protective Services (CPS)
includes neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional maltreatment
Child maltreatment
Characterized by omissions in care resulting in significant harm or risk of significant harm. Can also expand to failure to provide child’s basic needs.
Neglect
Neglect can be a one time incident or ____
it is usually a pattern of unsafe care caused by serious mental health problems or substance abuse issues on the part of the caregiver.
These injuries make of 50% of child abuse cases
Burn (from very hot tap water)
In which severe intracranial trauma occurs in the absence of signs of external head trauma.
Shaken baby syndrome.
Form of child abuse in which the abuser fabricates an illness in a child for the purpose of obtaining attention from medical professionals.
Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy.
Includes physical contact, including touching or exposing of sexual or other intimate parts of a person for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire in either the perpetrator or the subject child.
Sexual abuse.
Another form of sexual abuse
Child pornography
repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or extreme incidents that conveys to children that they are worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or only of value in meeting another needs.
Psychological maltreatment
Effects of psychological maltreatment
lags in development, learning problems, and speech disorders.
The longitudinal findings that show both child abuse and child neglect may lead to antisocial and criminal behavior and/or abuse of one’s own children
Intergenerational transmission of violence
Argues that abusive parents provide aggressive models for their children
Social Learning Theory
Two processes of social learning theory
- Teaching them that expressive behavior such as injurious actions is normal and justified.
- Egocentrism is both normal and desired and aggression is permissible in getting others to do what one wishes.
- The focus on parental psychopathology
- focuses on abnormalities within the child/parent relationship
Ecological Theory
Four abnormalities in Ecological theory
- Inappropriate parental expectations
- Lack of empathy towards the child’s needs.
- Physical punishment
- Parental role reversal
May develop aversive feelings about sex, overvaluing sex, sexual identity problems, and hypersexual or sexual avoidance.
Victims of sexual abuse.
Key way to understand child trauma.
Developmental traumatology
The range of clinical symptomology that appears after such exposure.
Complex trauma
3 epidemical approaches that have bee used to investigate child abuse
- Longitudinal cohorts over time.
- Case control design. Asked about maltreatment
- Targets specific populations in geographical areas.
Complex child trauma (5 domains)
1-Self-regulatory, attachment, and affective disorders in infancy and childhood.
2-Addictions, agression, social helplessness, and eating disorders.
3-Dissicoiative, somataform, cardiovasucalr, metabolic, and immunological
4-Sexual disorders
5-recidivism
Average age of child targeted for prostitution
12-14 for girls
11-13 for boys
NISMART-2 statistics
797,500 children (>18) were reported missing in 1 year.
203,900 children were victims of family abductions
58,200 non-family abductions
115 stereotypical kidnapping
Lindbergh Law
made kidnapping a federal offense
Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act
requires states to implement a sex offender and crimes against children registry
Megan’s Law
Parents should have a right to know when a sexual predator moves into the neighborhood.
Law passed in 1910 making interstate transportation of women for the purpose of prostitution a felony offense
Mann Act
Reported cases of infant and fetal abduction between 1983 and 2011
280 (46 from hospital) (40% from home) (14% other)
Infant abduction
kidnapping of an infant is less than 6 months of age.
Females are more likely to be abducted by nonfamily members
True
Four categories of non familial child abductors
Pedophiles (largest)
Serial killers
Profiteers
Childless psychotics
Runaways make up _____
the majority of missing children
Criteriia for an Amber Alert
Confirmed abduction
Risk of death or injury
Law Enforcement needs information about child and captor.
Child must be younger than 17
Situations where the offender establishes a nonsexual relationship with the child so that the child comes to trust and feel comfortable with the offender.
Coerced
The most commonly used technique of luring children into coerced sexual activity is capitalizing on the ____
child’s need for human contact, approval, attention
Situations where the offender gains access to the child through intimidation in the form of verbal threats or physical force
Forced (expression of power and anger)
do not have a true sexual preference for children but engage in sex with children for varied complex reasons.
-Can be a one time thing or a pattern
Situational offenders
A preferential child molester must have
- high amount of contact with victim
- high level of fixation or pedophilic interest
Offenders who have spent little or not time with victims
low contact
Offenders who have spent a large amount of time with victim
high contact
Any behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm in the relationship.
Intimate partner violence
IPV accounted for __% of violent crimes against women and __% of violent crimes against men from 2001 to 2005.
22% and 4%
Ex-spouses are responsible for __% of all homicides against women and __% of all homicides against men.
38% and 2%
Violence ended at separation __% of the time time
63%
Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment
Arrest is the most effective method of reducing domestic violence. (Never been able to replicate in subsequent studies)
Prohibits a convicted domestic abuser or child abuser from carrying a gun
Domestic Violence Misdemeanor Gun Ban
Exposure of children to domestic abuse is a form of
child abuse
3 phases of battering cycle
1-tension reduction (verbal, minor physical abuse)
2-Acute battering episode (severe physical and verbal abuse)
3-Loving attrition
Repeats again
Police are less likely to intervene in domestic abuse if ___
The coupe is of same sex
Typologies of batterers
- Family Only (least violent)
- Dysphoric-boderline (moderate to severe)
- Generally violent-antisocial (highest level of violence)
Risk factors associated with homicide in intimate partner violence
- low education level
- access to firearm
- drug abuse
- abuser separated from victim
- controller abuser
- stepchild in the home
- previous weapon threats
Honor killing
involve murder of family member to restore family name
Honor killings are generally
planned in advance and made after several threats have been made.
An extension of self-defense laws that appreciates battered women’s perceptions of risk and the possibility of escape
Battered women’s syndrome defense.
Elements of battered women syndrome defense
- existence of complex post traumatic stress disorder
- existence of battered women syndrome
- uniqueness of events leading to offense
- belief that death was imminent
- why women remained trapped in relationship
Intervention programs for IPV
- child witnesses of violence
- victims of violence
- programs for batterers
A pattern of conduct in which one person inflicts on another repeated, unwanted intrusions, and communications to the extent the victim fears his or her own safety
Stalking
Characterizations of stalking
Intentional, repeated, and results in fear
Most stalking victims are ___
female 60-80%
Causing fear that originates from the obsession of one individual with another who is uninterested in a relationship
Obsessional harassment
___% of victims knew their stalker
79%
Which state passed the first stalking laws in the Western World?
California (1990)
Most states require a ______ for stalking cases
credible threat of harm
4 categories of stalking
- celebrity stalking
- erotomanic stalking
- stalking as an extension of intimate partner
- sexually sadistic stalker
love obsessed stalkers/#1 fan in love
celebrity stalkers
Delusional loving, belief that someone of a higher stature is passionately in love with them.
Erotomanic stalking
Most likely to fall into the erotomanic stalking category
females
Stalking is a form of domestic violence in ____% of all cases
75-80%
Women are _____ as likely to be stalked as men.
Twice
81% of women in the NVAWS reported physical abuse and ___% had been sexually assaulted by their stalker.
81% and 31%
a factor that elevates the rate of spousal homicide in women
marital separation
Rare, most distressing stalker.
-a violent and dangerous offender seeks a victim to satisfy desires.
Sexually sadistic stalkers
Victims should do what to maintain safety?
- vigilant about risks
- create and maintain documentation
- avoid contact with stalker
Assessing dangerousness of stalker
- Reason for contacts
- Emotional response
- Thought Content
- Contact pattern and predatory behaviors
- Preoccupation
Predatory and sexually sadistic stalkers are generally dealt with through
the criminal justice system
Erotomania stalkers are best treated
psychotropic medications
Treatment of stalkers is
highly challenging
‘Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without consent of a victim.”
FBI advisory board definition of rape
Clay-Warner and Burt reported the likelihood of a women reporting rape to police is more likely now than in 1975 by ___%
88%
Encourage the focus on the culpability of the accused rather than on the victim’s sexual history
Rape shield laws
Certain types of sexual acts committed by the defendant are _____
allowed into evidence at trial when facing similar charges
Reasons for not reporting rape
Fear of the legal system, fear of retaliation, guilt and blame,personal matters, victim-offender relationship
“out of the blue” and without prior interaction between assailant and victim.
Blitz Rape
Goals of the rape assailant
physical and sexual control of the victim
An attack in which the assailant obtains sex under false pretenses by using deceit, betrayal, and often violence
Confidence rape
3 methods of pressured sex
1-Pressure based around material goods
2-pressures victim to accept human contact
3-pressure victim to believe the sexual activity is appropriate and enjoyable.
Male and female agree to have sexual relations but then something went wrong.
Sex Stress
Psychological impact of sexual assaults
symptoms persist over a long period of time and may not abate despite therapeutic efforts.
Two phases of rape trauma
1-immediate (acute)
2-long term (disrupts entire life)
Clinical work from 1970-1990 suggest that rape was in fact serving
primary nonsexual needs. Expression of power and anger
Rape and sexual assault are acts ensuing from interpersonal aggression.
Theory of Interpersonal aggression
Expressed in aggression is generally low and does not exceed what was necessary to force victim compliance.
- Compensation for inadequacy, vulnerability, and helplessness
- Repetitive and compulsive
Exploitative Rape
- Unprovoked physical and verbal aggression or physical force in excess of that necessary to gain victim compliance must be present
- Resistance from the victim is likely to increase aggression and serious injury or death may occur.
Anger Rape
Derives satisfaction in sexual abuse of the victim.
- sadism
- pleasure in torment,torture
- victim is stalked, captured, abused, and possibly murdered.
Sadistic Rape
SANE
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner
- use forensic equipment
- document evidence and injuries maintaining chain of evidence
NSVRC
National Sexual Violence Resource Center
NISMART
National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Throwaway Children
