Exam 3 Flashcards
credential societies
employees use diplomas/degrees as sorting devices to determine who is eligible for a job
social capitol
privileges that help in life such as educated parents, encouragement, pressure
manifest functions
positive thing that people intend their actions to accomplish
latent fuctions
positive consequences people did not intend
cultural transmission of values
process by which schools pass on a society’s core values from one generation to the next
mainstreaming
inclussion
social placement (grade keeping)
schools separate capable/incapable on basis of merit
tracking
sorting students into different educational tracks on basis of perceived ability
hidden curriculum
attitudes/ unwritten rules of behavior
self-fulfilling prophecy
false assumptions of something that is going to happen but which them comes true because it was predicted
grade inflation
giving out higher grades than in past
social promotion
passing students from one grade to next even though they have not learned basic material
functional illiteracy
high school grads have not learned basic material
sacred
aspects of life having to do with supernatural that we awe, respect
profane
aspects of life not concerned with religion but part of ordinary life
religion
beliefs, practices, moral community (temple, church)
rituals
ceremonies, repetitive practices
cosmology
unified picture of the world
religious experience
sudden awareness of supernatural feeling of coming into contact with God
spirit of capitalism
reinvested profit to make more profits
protestant ethic
self denying approach to life
cult
simply a new/ different religion whose teachings are practices put it at odds with dominant culture/religion
charismatic leader
individuals who inspires people because he/she seems to have extraordinary gifts, qualities, abilities
charisma
outstanding gift or exceptional leadership
sect
larger than cult, members still feel tension between their views and prevailing beliefs/ values of broader society
ecclesia
state religions, govt and religions work together to shape society
denominations
“Brand names” within major religions, disagree with particular aspect, not whole.
denominations
“Brand names” within major religions, disagree with particular aspect, not whole.
Malthus theorem
although population grows geometrically food supply increases arithmetically. Population outstrips food supply
exponential growth curve
growth doubles during approximately equal intervals of time, it suddenly accelerates
demographic transition
Europe now has higher death rate than birth rate
population pyramids
depict a county’s population by age and sex
demographic variable
fertility, mortality, migration
fertility rate
of children average women bears
fecundity
of children of children women of capable of bearing
crude birth rate
annual number of live births per 1,000 population
crude death rate
annual number of deaths
net migration rate
difference between number of immigrants and emigrants
basic demographic equation
fertility + motality + net migration
growth rate
equals births minus death plus net migration
zero population growth
asdf
city
place in which large numbers of people are large numbers of people are permanent based and do not produce own food
urbanization
movement of masses of people to cities which then have growing influnece
metropolis
central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs
megalopolis
overlapping area consisting of at least 2 metropolis and their many suburbs
megacity
when city’s population hits 10 million
metropolitan statistical areas
central city of 50,000 and urbanized area that are linked
edge cities
clusters of building/ services near intersection of major highways
gentrification
movement of middle class to random areas of city
suburbanization
people moving from cities to suburbs
human ecology
how people adapt to enviroments
alienation
impersonality/ self interest, mass crows of people take out small stimuli
red lining
bankers refuse to make loans in deteriorated neighborhood
disinvestment
withdrawal of investment
deindustrialization
made US industries more competitive, loss of factory jobs, Detroit
urban renewal
tear down and rebuild
enterprise zones
attract business to an area by offering reduced taxes
social change
shift in characteristics of culture and society
dialectical process of history
each ruling group sows the seeds of its own destruction
invention
combining of existing elements and materials to form new
discovery
new way of seeing reality, second process of change
diffusion
spread of an invention of discovery from one area to another
cultural lag
some elements of culture lab behind changes that come from invention, discovery, diffusion
post modern societies
post industrial societies
social movement
large numbers of people who are dissatisfied about things, organize to promote/resist social change
proactive social movement
people finding particular condition of society intolerable, join together to promote social change
reactive social movement
feel threatened because of some condition of society is changing, react to resist change.
public opinion
how people think about an issue
propaganda
prevention of info in an attempt to influence people
resource moblization
gaining/using resources
sustainable environment
world system in which physical environment is used to meet needs without destroying earth
