Exam 2 Flashcards
Social Stratification
The system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige
The ability to get one’s way even though others resist is called?
Power
2) We use Karl Marx’s term (fill in the blank) to denote the tools, factories, land, and investment use to produce wealth.
Capital
3) Many theorists argue that through the process of (fill in the blank) European nations got a head start on industrialization because they drained resources from less powerful areas around the world.
Colonization or Imperialism
Slavery
some individuals own other people
ideology
beliefs that justify social arrangements
caste system
status is determined by birth and is lifelong
class system
more open, based on money and monetary possessions
meritocracy
positions that would be warded on the basis of merit
ideology
beliefs that justify social arrangements
world systems theory
industrialization that lead to 4 groups of nations - core nations, semi periphery, periphery, and external area
culture of poverty
poverty perpetuated from generation to next
necolonialism
keeping poorer nations in debt and selling weapons to elite
multinational corporations
companies that operate across many national boundaries
Social class
large group of people who rank closely to one another in property, power, and prestige
wealth
property minus personal debt
power
ability to get your way despite resistance
power elite
those that make big decisions in US society
prestige
respect/regard
status
social positions
status consistent
similar dimension on all three of social class
status inconsistency
mixture of high/low ranks
underclass
lowest rung no chance of climbing
intergenerational mobility
ending up a different rung than parents
structural mobility
changes in society that allow large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder
exchange mobility
large numbers of people move up or down class ladder but proportions of social classes remain the same
Horatio Alger Myth
anyone can get ahead if only he or she tries hard enough
Race
groups of people with inherited physical characteristics
Minority groups
people singled out for unequal treatment who regarded themselves as objects of collective discrimination
dominant groups
has greater power/privilege despite numbers
ethnic work
ways that people establish, maintain, transmit their identity
prejudice
attitude, prejudging someone, usually in a negative way
ethnicity
cultural characteristics
individual discrimination
negative treatment of one person by another
institutional discrimination
discrimination in society
authoritarian personality
people who believe in things are either right or wrong
scapegoats
unfairly blame troubles on racial/ethnic/religious minority
selective perception
lead us to see certain things while blind us to others
genocide
attempt to destroy a group of people because of race/ethnicity
population transfer
indirect - making minority life miserable so they leave
direct - dominant group expels minority
internal colonialsim
how dominant group expels minorities for economic advantage
segregation
separation of racial/ethnic groups
assimilation
minority groups absolved into mainstream culture
multiculturalism
permits social/ethic variation
The fact that Blacks and Latinos in the United States are less likely to have loan applications accepted by banks as compared to whites with identical credit scores (Thomas 1991,1992) is an example of (Fill in the Blank) . Increased police presence in minority, underclass communities is another example of:
Institutional Racism
While (Fill in the Blank) is an action based on a negative view of a group of people.
Discrimination
(Fill in the Blank) is a negative belief about a group of people.
Prejudice
A group of people with inherited physical characteristics that society uses to distinguish this group from other groups is called a (Fill in the blank) of people
Race
gender stratification
male’s / female’s unequal access to power,property, prestige
sex
biological characteristics that distinguish males and females
gender
behaviors/ attitudes considered proper for a groups males/females
patriarchy
men dominating society
sexual harassment
unwelcome sexual attention at work/school which may affect job or school performance or create a hostile environment
disengagement theory
retirements is a device for ensuring that a society’s positions of responsibility are passed smoothly from one generation to the next
activity theory
examines how people adjust when they retire
continuity theory
focuses on how people adjust to growing old by continuing their roles and coping techniques
1) Define Environmental Injustice (3 points):
Disproportionate effect or targeting of pollution on disadvantaged social groups or areas.
2) Bullard and Johnson explain that the Environmental Justice Movement grows out of other social movements. Name or identify one of these movements (1point):
Civil RIghts
Authority
legitimate power, people accept as right
coercion
illegitimate power, people do not accept
traditional authority
based on custom, halmark of trial group
rational legal authority
based on written rules
charismatic authority
people drawn to an individual, beleive that person is touched by god, has exceptional ability
state
government
monarchy
city state ruled bu king/queen who;s right to rule passed onto kids
democracy
power to people
dictatorship
1 individual seizes power, dictates will of people
oligarchy
small group seizes power
lobbyists
paid to influence legislation on behalf of their clients
special interest groups
consists of people who think alike on a particular issue and can be mobilized for political action
political action committees (PACs)
to socialize contributions
pluralism
diffusion of power among many special interest groups
ruling class
tops leaders of largest cooperations, the power elite
war
armed conflicts between nations
terrorism
violence intended to create fear in order to bring about political objections
capitalism
three factors: private ownership of the means of productions, market competition, pursuit of profit
socialism
public ownership of means of productions, central planning, distribution of good without a profit motive
convergence theory
fundamental changes in socialist tendencies give evidence for hybrid/ mixed democracy
global superclass
leaders of top multinational companies overlap to form a small circle.
