Exam 1 Flashcards
sociological perspective
social contexts in which people live
society
a group of people who share a culture and teritory
social location
to observe people
class conflict
Marx stated that this is the engine of human history between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
social integration
degree to which people are tied to their social groups
patterns of behavior
recurring characteristics/events
basic sociology
analyzing with out gaining knowledge
applied sociology
using sociology to solve problems
public sociology
for the benefit of the public
symbolic interaction ism
symbols, keys to understanding how we view the world, focus on micro level
functional analysis
society is a whole unit, made up of integrated parts that work together
functionalist/conflict theorists
focus on macro level
culture
language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, material objects
material culture
jewelry, art, buildings
non material culture
group’s way of thinking
ethnocentrism
tendency to use own group’s ways of doing things for judging others
cultural relativism
try to understand a culture of its own terms
symbolic culture
attach meaning, use to communicate
gestures
movements of hands to communicate
Sapir
Whorf Hypothesis - language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world
norms
the “right” ways to reflect its values
sanctions
reactions people receive for following or breaking norms
folkways
norms that are not enforced
morals
very seriously enforced norms
taboo
a norm so strongly integrated, thought of violation = revolutions
counter culture
its norms are against the dominant groups
pluralistic society
made up of many different groups
real cultrue
norms/values that people actually follow
cultural leveling
cultures become more similar to one another
feral children
can’t speak, act like animals
socialization
process by which we learn the ways of society
significant others
trust is first only for
generalized others
perception of how people in general think of us
gender
attitudes/behavior that are expected of us because we are male/ female
gender socialization
learning about gender - gender map
peer group
individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
mass media
forms of communications that are directed to large audiences
social inequality
giving privileges/obligations to one group of people while denying them to another
agents of socializations
Individuals/groups that influence our orientations to life - our self concept, emotions, attitudes, behavior. Such as family, neighborhood, religion, school, work.
anticipatory socialization
learning to play a role before entering it
resocialization
learning new norms, values, attitudes, behaviors to match new situations
total institution
people cut off from rest of society and come under almost total control of officials in charge
degredation ceremony
an attempt to remake the self by stripping away the individuals current identity and stamping a new one in its place.
life course
stages from life to death
transitional adulthood
college kids
macrosociology
focuses on broad features of society
microsociology
focuses on social interaction
social structure
refers to patterns in a group
social interactions
what people do when they come together
social class
people comparable in prestige. income, educations, jobs
status
position that someone occupies
status set
all statuses/positions occupied
ascribed status
is involuntary
achieved status
voluntary, can earn/accomplish
status symbols
signs that identify a status
master status
acts a cross other statuses
status inconsistency
mistakes in status
roles
behavior, obligations, privileges attached to a status
group
people who interact with one another and feel the values, motivations, norms they have in common are important
social institution
standard, usual ways that a society meets is basic needs
pastural societies
based on pasturing animals
horticultural societies
based on cultivation of plants by use of hand tools
agricultural societies
cities developed, had philosophy,
social integration
members unite their shared values and social bonds
mechanical solidarity
people who preform similar tasks develop shared consequences
division of labor
societies develop different types of work
organic solidarity
solidarity based on interdependence
Gemeinschaft
village life, everyone knows, everyone knows everyone
Gesellschaft
impersonal associations, not everyone knows everyone
body language
the way people with their bodies give messages to others
dramatergy
social life is a drama or a stage play
impression management
out efforts to manage the impression of others
role performance
emphasis/interpretations that we give a role
role conflict
family, student, work roles come crashing together
role strian
some status contains incompatible roles
face-saving behavior
team saving performance
ethnomethodology
study of how people use common sense understandings to make sense of life
background assumptions
ideas about life
Thomas theorem
definition of the situations
aggregate
people who temporarily share the same physical space but do not belong together
catagory
statistic, people who share similar characteristics
primary groups
intimate, face to face associations
secondary groups
larger, more anonymous, formal, impersonal.
voluntary associations
group made of volunteers who organize on basis of mutual agreement
in groups
groups we feel loyal to
out groups
groups we feel antagonism towards
social network
people linked to one another
clique
clusters within a group, internal factions
bureaucracies
have clear levels, division of labor, written roles, written compensations, impersonality
rationalization of society
bureaucracies would dominate our lines
goal displacement
organizations continues after achieving goal
alientations
workers cut off from finished protest of their labor
Peters principle
each employee of bureaucracy promoted to bis/her level of incompetence
self-fulfilling stereotypes
people fill the stereotype they are assigned
corporate culture
stereotype and their effects are hidden to workers and bosses
group dynamics
how groups influence us and how we influence groups
small groups
each member interacts directly with all the others
dyad
smallest possible group, only 2 people
triad
3 people
coalitions
2 group members aligning against each other
leaders
people who influence behaviors. opinions, attitudes of others
expressive leader
socioemotional leader, no recognized, helps group morale
leadership styles
way of experiencing yourself as a leader
authoritarian leader
gives orders
democratic leader
tries to gains consensus of all
laisez-faire leader
hands off, highly permissive
group think
collective formal vision that group members some time develop
deviance
volations of norms
crime
violation of roles that have been written into law
stigma
characteristics that discredit people
social order
group, customary arrangements
social control
formal, informal means of enforcing norms
negative sanctions
expressions of disapproval for deviance
positive sacntios
smiles to formal awards
street crimes
mugging, rape, burglary
personality disorders
abnormalities within individuals
differential associations
from different groups we associate with, we learn to deviate from or conform to society’s norms
control theory
stronger bonds with society = more effective inner control
labeling theory
significance of reputations, how they help us on paths
techniques of neutralizations
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of activism, appeal to higher loyalties
cultural goals
possessions, wealth, prestige
institutionalized means
legitimate ways to reach goals
strain theory
refers to frustrations people feel
illegitimate opportunity structure
pimp, hustling, drug dealing
white collar crimes
crimes that people of respectable and high social status commit in their occupations
corporate crimes
violating law to benefit corporation
criminal justice system
police, courts, prison
capital punishment
death penalty
medicalization of deviance
deviance and crimes is sign of mental illness
recidivism rates
percentage of former prisoners who are arrested
