Exam 3 Flashcards
What was the frustration / aggression hypothesis?
Aggression is purely the result of frustration which was the blocking of one’s goals.
What consists of learned behaviors that are fundamental to later learning of more complex behaviors?
Basic Behavioral Repertoire
What are the long term effects of delay of gratification?
Ego control: The child’s ability to control his/her impulses Ego resiliency: The child’s ability to modify his/her behavior according to the demands of the situation
What model proposes four dimensions to temperament? What are the dimensions?
EASI Model Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, and Impulsivity
What system has the tendency of personality related to reactions to aversive stimuli? It is anxiety prone and if someone is over reactive then they are always fearful or worrying and it doesn’t allow them to move past their fears.
The BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System)
What is a situational hedge?
A person does X when Y occurs.
According to D & M, what is “drive”?
Wanting Something
What are the definitions of frustration and aggression?
Frustration: Defined as occurring when obstacles interfere with drive reductions. Aggression: Defined as behavior intended to injure the person toward whom it is directed.
What are psychological processes within a person that determine how a particular situation will influence a person’s behavior?
CAPS
Which constructs apply broadly; generally abstract?
Superordinate Constructs
According to Mischel, what is the definition of traits?
They describe behavior but do not explain behavior
What is a belief about how events will develop in the world, beyond their own actions? What will happen next?
Stimulus-outcome expectancy
What is Mischel’s challenge?
Mischel took on the challenge of recognizing the importance of situations without ignoring personality traits or dynamics. He questions the assumption that people hold global characteristics that affect behavior.
What temperament type is shy and nonassertive around strangers, proposed to have high levels of norepinephrine (stress hormone) and an activation of the amygdala (brain area involved in fear)?
Inhibited
What is a range to which a construct applies?
Range of Convenience
What is an expectation of what will happen if a person behaves a certain way? Example: If I study for 3 hours, will I get an A? If I run, will I catch the bus?
Behavior-outcome expectancy
Which constructs are central to identity and slower to change?
Core Constructs
What is the biologically based foundation of personality, based on a child’s inherited predisposition for certain behavior patterns?
Temperament
What is continuous reinforcement?
Quick to learn but can be forgotten easily.
What is the D & M toilet training advice?
Dollard and Miller state that the complex learning of this stage is easier and less likely to produce anxiety and anger if toilet training is delayed until language develops sufficiently to provide mediating cues.
What are the schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed Interval: ex. getting payed every 2 weeks no matter how many more tasks you complete in the time frame Variable Interval: waiting for elevator. doesn’t know when it’s coming. press it a lot when in a rush but doesn’t make it come faster Fixed Ratio: get payed for set # of items you complete or sell Variable Ratio: Slot Machine
According to Kelly, what are the characteristics of good mental health?
Healthier people integrate constructs and think about the challenges of negative life events and try to make sense out of these events. They are also more willing to accept evidence that lies in the face of their beliefs.
What are the different types of competences?
Competences: Person variables concerned with what a person is able to do 1. include behaviors & concepts 2. they do not refer to what a person actually does; only what they are capable of doing. 3. better stability over time and situations
Those with a cool ‘‘know’’ cognitive system ________________________.
Can restrain themselves when it is beneficial
What temperament type is outgoing and low in fear, proposed to have lower sympathetic nervous system activity?
Uninhibited
Who came up with the Psychoanalytic Learning Theory?
John Dollard (D) and Neal Miller (M)
What states “in order to learn one must want something, notice something, do something, and get something”?
the Psychoanalytic Learning Theory
What is the way we assess the goal—is it desirable or not? This is the value of the potential reward.
Subjective stimulus values
How is learning measured?
Learning occurs when a dominant response doesn’t get a reward. Therefore, you are forced to try something different. “The Rate of Responding”
What is a construct that is not open to new elements? Example: Miracles (by someone who doesn’t believe they happen now.)
Concrete Construct
What is a “reward”?
Getting Something **What a person gets as a result of a response in the learning sequence, which strengthens responses because of its drive-reducing effect
According to Skinner, what is the most important determinant of behavior?
Environment
What is a prototype?
A typical example of a category.
What are the two temperament types?
Inhibited and Uninhibited
What is the ability to defer present gratification for larger future goals?
Delay of Gratification
What means that each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs?
Organization Corollary
What influences behavior?
Trait and Situation
Whats the metaphor that Kelly used to describe people?
Man-The-Scientist
What does it mean to the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, his (or her) psychological processes are similar to those of the other person?
Commonality Corollary
What is the assumption that people can interpret the world in a variety of ways?
Philosophical Assumption
What is the theory that results in people doing something?
Theory of a Drive
What does CAPS stand for?
Cognitive Affective Personality System
Those with a hot “go” emotional system go for _________________.
Immediate Pleasure
What is the developed characteristics that can be observed in an individual based?
Phenotype
What is Mischel’s focus?
Mischel’s focus is Cognitive Psychology. Mischel analyzes personality from a cognitive learning approach, focusing particularly on cognitive variable because the human capacity t0o think is central to personality.
What is an abrupt change from one pole of a construct to its opposite, often precipitated by stress? Example: An honest cop who turns to crime or a former drug addict who recovers and becomes a counselor
Slot Movement
What does it mean to the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another? He may play a role in a social process involving the other person.
Sociality Corollary
What is a “cue”?
Noticing Something
What is a natural response to a physical need or discomfort?
Primary Drive
What is a “response”?
Doing Something **Any behavior that can be changed by learning something.
What is partial reinforcement?
Long term learning.
Delay of Gratification is activated by the _______ system and overcomes the stimulus control power.
Know
What is a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only?
Range Corollary
What does it mean when drive stimuli can be external?
It means it can be an infliction of pain of being uncomfortable in an environment
What is the inherited genetic profile of an individual?
Genotype
What are types of cues?
Sights, Smells, and Behavior
What recognizes that language is primarily cognitive. Normal social interaction requires us to understand and respond to what others say.
Language-Cognitive Repertoire
What is belief in one’s ability to do a behavior? Can I do it?
Self-efficacy expectancy
What are the foundations of psychological behaviorism?
Biological influences, social interaction, child development, and measurement of traits
Freud regarded the ____ as the driving force behind all action.
Libido
What role does emotion play in learning? **Emotional-Motivational Repertoire**
Emotions respond to various stimuli. You receive rewards with positive emotional responses and when you are punished you receive a negative emotional response.
What examines the mental processes and their effects on behavior? This is more inclusive of human behavior motivations than simply reactions to reinforcers or punishers.
Cognitive Psychology
What is a covert response?
A hidden behavior
What means a person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other? ex. A tyrant at work, a softie at home
Fragmentation Corollary
What is the CPC Cycle?
Circumspection: trying out several constructs for a situation Preemption: selecting one construct Control: Acting out on the construct
What is Bodily - Kinesthetic skill building? Body movements even reflect our beliefs about masculinity and femininity, and personal confidence.
Sensory-Motor Repertoire
What is a learned value for things associated with satisfaction or distress?
Secondary Drive
_______ in success can motivate persistent behavior toward a goal.
Confidence
What are the therapy techniques recommended by Kelly?
Kelly’s therapy requires the therapist to understand the client in the client’s own terms in order to be able to enter into a therapeutic role with the client. Kelly also recommended fixed-role therapy in which the client experiments with new constructs by role-playing a fictitious personality.
Which constructs are narrower and more readily changed?
Peripheral Constructs
What does it mean when drive stimuli is internal?
It can be hunger or drive
What is Kelly’s main assumption, which stresses the importance of psychological constructs? This states that our expectations are of central importance; that what we expect to happen, based on our cognitive assumptions, shapes all of our other psychological processes, including our emotions and motivations.
Fundamental Postulate
What means that persons differ from each other in their construction of events?
Individual Corollary
What is a person’s construction system that is composed of a finite number of dichotomous (2-sided) constructs? Example: Good-bad, difficult-easy, fair-unfair
Dichotomy Corollary
What is a construct that is open to adding new elements? Example: People I like, movies I enjoy (etc)
Permeable Construct
What system has the tendency of personality related to the approaching of rewarding experiences? The reward is dopamine levels and it relates to extraversion, sexual behavior, and aggressive behavior.
The BAS (Behavioral Activated System)
What is an evolved psychological mechanism, which are defined as specific psychological processes that have evolved because they solved particular adaptive problems? This mechanism evolved in males to deal with the problem of uncertain paternity.
Sexual Jealousy
What is an overt response?
A voluntary physical behavior
