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EGR 1301 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Rules the engineer must follow for systems

A
  1. On r a sys is specified, it cannot be changed midway through calculation
  2. Boundary can be any shape, but it must be closed in space and time
  3. Boundary can be rigid (defining the volume of a space) or flexible (defining an object)
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1
Q

System

A

A particulate subset of the universe specified in time and space by a boundary

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

“The capacity for doing work”

Unit of exchange

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3
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

“Law of conservation of energy”
Energy can neither be created or destroyed
Energy can only be transformed

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4
Q

Work can be converted into…

A
  1. Another form of work

2. Heat

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5
Q

Energy accounting

A

Ef - Ei= input - output
Accumulation= net input
State quantities= path quantities

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6
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy associated with motion

Ek= 1/2mv^2

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7
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy associated with:

  1. position, either against a field (ex. Gravity, electric field,
  2. compressed spring, or
  3. stretched rubber band
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8
Q

Internal energy

A

U
Energy associated with atoms
Ex. Temperature, phase changes, or chem reactions

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9
Q

Work

A

Energy flow due to a driving force (not temperature)

  1. Mechanical (hydraulic)
  2. Electrical
  3. Photonic (solar PV)
  4. Cardiovascular
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10
Q

Heat

A

Energy flow due to temperature change

Ex. Conduction, radiation

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11
Q

Mass

A

Energy flow due to mass crossing the system boundary
Ex. Fuel
E= mc^

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12
Q

Universal accounting equation

A

Change= energy at Ti - energy at T

ΔEk+ΔEp+ΔU= (Win-Wout)+(Qin-Qout)+(Min-Mout)

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13
Q

Work input (Win)

A

Work done ON the system from its surroundings

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14
Q

Work output (Wout)

A

Work done BY the system to its surroundings

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15
Q

Form for heat and mass

A

Energy added to the system - Energy removed from the system

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16
Q

Work=

A

W= FΔx

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17
Q

Equation from joules experiment

A

ΔU= Won

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18
Q

t initial

A

Ek= 0

Ep

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19
Q

t initial

v> 0

A

Ek= 1/2mv^2

Ep

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20
Q

t initial

A

Ek= 0

Ep

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21
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Naturally occurring processes are directional
Closely tied to idea reversibility, but reversible processes have no directionality
Entropy

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22
Q

Electricity ➡️ light

A

Lightbul

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23
Q

Electricity ➡️ heat

A

Hair dryer

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24
Q

Chem energy in gas ➡️ torque on shaft

A

Gas engine and transmission

Power train

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25
Q

Cham energy in food ➡️ locomotion

A

Muscle movement

Krebs cycle

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26
Q

Natural gas ➡️ electricity

A

Gas turbine

Generator

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27
Q

A system converts….

A

Energy from one firm to another
Process not always perfect
Waste us usually heat

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28
Q

Efficiency

A

Measure of how well a system can convert energy
η= output/input
Percentage

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29
Q

Cascaded conversion

A

Can connect multiple systems together and do several conversions

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30
Q

Overall efficiency

A

Treat multiple conversions as a single process

ηoverall= E4/E1= η1η2η3

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31
Q

What has the smallest unit of charge?

A

An electron

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32
Q

Flowing charge is…

A

Current

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33
Q

Accumulated charge is…

A

Voltage

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34
Q

Metallic bond

A

Electrons are shared
Valence electrons form “cloud” or “sea” of electrons
Electrons are free to flow (because loosely bond and shared)
Causes metals to be good conductors

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35
Q

Electrical insulators

A

Electric charge does not flow freely
High resistivity
Plastic, polymer, ceramic, glass, paper, rubber

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36
Q

Current

A

Flow of positive electrons

Opposite of electron flow

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37
Q

1 coulomb is the charge of how many electrons?

A

6.24*10^-19

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38
Q

1 amp equal

A

1 coulomb glowing through a wire in 1 second

A= C/s

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39
Q

Current always flows…

A

Through

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40
Q

Electrostatic force

A

Gives rise to stored energy
F= (1/4πε0)(q1q2/r^2)
ε0= 8.854*10^-12 C^2/Nm^2

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41
Q

Energy

A

“The stuff that gets work done”

Unit of exchange like money

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42
Q

Power

A

Rate at which energy flows from one place to another

Units: J/s= W (energy per unit of time)

43
Q

1hp= ___W

A

1hp= 745.7W

44
Q

Voltage arises from

A

Accumulated charge being separated

Exists between two points
NOT an individual point

45
Q

Voltage is a measure of…

A

How much energy each coulomb of charge contains

Difference between strength of electron supply and severity of electron shortage

46
Q

1 volt=

A

1V= 1J/C

47
Q

Relationship between power, voltage, and current

A

P= IV

48
Q

DC

A

Direct current
Voltage and current are constant
Ex. All batteries, power supply in car

49
Q

AC

A

Alternating current
Voltage and current alternating back and forth
Ex. Grid supplied electric power

50
Q

Electricity is all about ______

A

Charge

51
Q

Semiconductors

A

Modern materials designed to conduct only under certain conditions
Transistors, LEDs, amplifiers

52
Q

In electricity flow through wire, electrons are induced by…

A

Chemical reaction in battery

53
Q

How to calculate number of free/valence electrons?

A

(Volumedensity per mole)/(atomic massAvogadros number)

54
Q

Positive terminal of battery=

A

Electron storage

55
Q

Negative terminal of battery=

A

Electron supply

56
Q

Resistance is caused by

A

Scattering and destructive interactions between atoms and electrons

57
Q

Current

A

I
Quantity of electrons passing a point per unit time
Units: amps

58
Q

Ohms law

A

V= IR

59
Q

Resistance is present in…

A

All conductors

60
Q

Kirchhoff’s first law

A

Current law
KCL
The algebraic sum of the currents flowing through a junction/node is zero
Sum of the currents flowing into a node= sum of the currents flowing out of that node

61
Q

Node

A

Connection of 2 or more components

62
Q

Kirchhoff’s second law

A

Voltage law
KVL
The algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero

63
Q

In series,…

A

Req= R1+R2+R3..
Current is constant
Voltage changes

64
Q

Current flows out of…

A

Positive terminal of a source

65
Q

Current flows into..

A

The positive side of a resistor

66
Q

In parallel,

A

1/Req= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3…
Voltage is constant
Current changes

67
Q

Joules law

A 
P= IV
P= V^2/R
P= I^2R
68
Q

Digital/binary signal is made up…

A

1’s and 0’s

Base 2

69
Q

How to represent 1’s and 0’s in binary

A

Voltage various conventions like TTL and CMOS

70
Q

Why use digital?

A

Noise

71
Q

Digital logic

A

Testing conditions by digital circuitry: the use if digital circuitry to determine if a condition is TRUE OR FALSE

72
Q

What is digital logic founded on

A

George Boole

73
Q

Boolean algebra

A

An algebra in which the binary operations are chosen to model the Union and intersection operations in SET THEORY

74
Q

Operations of union

A

OR

+

75
Q

Operations of intersection

A

AND

⚫️

76
Q

Operations of complement

A

NOT

77
Q

DeMorgan’s laws

A 
!(x*y)= !x + !y
!(x+y)= !x*!y
78
Q

Path quantities include:

A

Work
Heat
Mass

79
Q

State quantities include:

A

Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Internal energy

80
Q

_____ is MVP to thermodynamics and engineering

A

Energy

81
Q

How is energy distinguished?

A

By what it can produce
No mass or defining characteristic
Can be stored in a system

82
Q

Broad definition of energy acc. to book

A

Ability to produce an effect or change on matter

83
Q

Ultimate usefulness depends on…

A

How efficiently it can be converted

84
Q

E=

A

Wd

Distance parallel with work

85
Q

Unit of energy

A

Nm= J

Ftlbf

86
Q

Potential energy is found with…

A

Datum plane

87
Q

All matter is composed of..

A

Molecules that at a finite temperature are in continuous motion and have intermolecular attractions dependent on distance which = internal energy

88
Q

Chemical energy

A

Energy released when fuel is burned or when food is consumed
Ex. Photosynthesis
Measured in terms of heat of combustion or heating value

89
Q

Nuclear energy

A

Energy stored in atoms

90
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Breaks nucleus into 2 parts and releases energy

91
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Combines light nuclei and releases energy (m➡️E)

92
Q

What is needed to transfer energy?

A

Driving force or potential difference

93
Q

What is a requirement for movement of an object against some resistance?

A

Energy

94
Q

Electrical energy is a form of…

A

Work

Energy is transferred through conducting medium when there’s a difference in electric potential

95
Q

What does circuit theory do?

A
  1. Provides smile solutions to practical problems with sufficient accuracy
  2. Allows us to decrease analysis of large systems to a series of small problems
  3. Is a means of SYNTHETICALLY (building up) complex systems from basic components
96
Q

How do atoms combine?

A

By sharing their outer orbital electrons and thereby filling voids and establishing unique patterns if molecules

97
Q

What keeps electrons orbiting around nucleus?

A

Attractive forces between protons and electrons

98
Q

Atoms have a specific….

A

Lattice structure but vibrate around nominal positions

99
Q

Electrostatics

A

Branch of science concerned with static/stationary charged bodies

100
Q

Electric potential

A

Work required to bring like charges together at a certain point

101
Q

Is the speed of electrons relatively fast or slow?

A

Slow

102
Q

In a closed system , no _____ may cross the boundaries

A

Material/mass

But the boundaries may change shapes

103
Q

During a cycle, there is no net change in _____

A

Energy

So Q= W

104
Q

Ohms law is applicable at constant _____

A

Temperature

105
Q

Reciprocal of resistance

A

Conductance (G)
G= 1/R
Measured in Siemens (S)

106
Q

When several resistors are connected between the same 2 points they are in…

A

Parallel

EGR 1301 (16 decks)

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