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Plant Biology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Diploid mean?

A

2N

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2
Q

What does Haploid mean?

A

1N

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3
Q

What cells are Diploid?

A

Parent Cells

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4
Q

What cells are Haploid?

A

Child Cells

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5
Q

What does 1N mean?

A

1 pair of 2 chromosomes

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6
Q

How many Megaspores are produced?

A

4 are produced in female parts and only 1 is used

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7
Q

How many nuclei does the useful Megaspore have in the end?

A

8 nuclei, but only 3 are important (The 2 polar and the egg cells)

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8
Q

What are Microspores comprised of?

A

2 sex cells and a tube

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9
Q

What are Somatic Cells?

A

Sex Cells

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10
Q

When does Photophosphorylation occur?

A

Photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is Photophosphorylation?

A

Attaches phosphorous to ADP using light energy to make ATP

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12
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy is released. Energy then used to make ATP

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13
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy is required. ADP is made

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks bond of phosphorous in ATP to make ADP

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15
Q

What is created in Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (4 if you don’t count the 2 that were used to start glycolysis), 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate

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16
Q

Is Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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17
Q

What happens in Cellular Respiration when there is no oxygen?

A

Fermentation

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18
Q

Where does Fermentation take place?

A

The cytosol

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19
Q

What is produced from Fermentation?

A

Alchohol in plants, lactic acid in animals.. along with CO2 and NAD+

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20
Q

Are the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Aerobic or Anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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21
Q

What are the 3 major steps of Cellular Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle (Aerobically), Fermentation (Anaerobically)
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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22
Q

Where does Glycolysis Take Place?

A

The Cytosol

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23
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle Take Place?

A

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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24
Q

What is the purpose of NADH in Cellular Respiration?

A

Carries pyruvate to the electron Transport Chain

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25
Q

What function to Enzymes have?

A

They act as catalysts

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26
Q

Products of the Krebs Cycle

A

2 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2

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27
Q

How many ATP can the Electron Transport Chain Produce?

A

34

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28
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain Take Place in

Respiration?

A

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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29
Q

What produces ATP in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

ATP Synthase

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30
Q

What is the opposite of Cellular Respiration?

A

Photosynthesis

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31
Q

Is the Calvin Cycle Light Dependent or light independent

A

Light Independent

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32
Q

Which Photosystem is used first in Photosynthesis?

A

Photosystem II

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33
Q

What is the first step in Photosynthesis?

A

Electron Transport Chain

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34
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place in Photosynthesis?

A

The thylakoid membranes

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35
Q

What is Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis?

A

When CO2 is bonded with Rubp with the help of Rubisco

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36
Q

Is Photosystem I or II cyclic?

A

Photosystem I is cyclic

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37
Q

What does Photosystem I Produce?

A

NADH

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38
Q

What does Photosystem II produce?

A

ATP

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39
Q

What wavelength of light does Photosystem I absorb?

A

P700

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40
Q

What wavelength of light does Photosystem II absorb?

A

P680

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41
Q

What is the center of the antenna complex called?

A

Reaction center

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42
Q

What is resonance energy transport ?

A

Moves energy from beginning of photosystem to reaction center

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43
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

A

The Stroma of chloroplasts

44
Q

What is Respiration?

A

the breakdown of energy storing compounds into energy

45
Q

What is the formula of Respiration?

A

Glucose + 6(O2) = CO2 + H2O

46
Q

What does Glucose become in Glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate

47
Q

Glucose is a 6-Carbon sugar, what is pyruvate?

A

3-Carbon

48
Q

What is removed from pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle and what is produced?

A

CO2 is removed. This releases 3 NADH, FADH2, and ATP

49
Q

What is added to pyruvate during the Krebs Cycle?

A

CoA(2C) is added to Pyruvate(3C)

50
Q

What is the total product of the Krebs Cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 1 extra NADH per cycle (x2 because 2 pyruvates)

51
Q

What is used to shuttle hydrogen to the Electron Transport Chain?

A

NAD, FAD, NADP

52
Q

What is hydrogen used for in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

To make water in the final product and to assist with electron transport

53
Q

What is the purpose of the proton gradient in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

The proton gradient has potential energy that is used to make ATP in ATP synthase

54
Q

Final Energy Budget

A

36-38 ATP created, most of which are during Electron Transport

55
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants capture sunlight to make energy

56
Q

What is the formula for Photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + ENERGY = GLUCOSE + O2

57
Q

What do pigments do?

A

Absorb different wavelengths of light

58
Q

What is the most important pigment?

A

Chlorophyll a

59
Q

What color does Chlorophyll b and c absorb?

A

light green

60
Q

What color do Xanthophylls absorb?

A

Yellow

61
Q

What color do Carotenes absorb?

A

Orange

62
Q

What pigment uses Magnesium and has a long hydrophobic tail?

A

Chlorophyll a

63
Q

Where does Photosynthesis occur?

A

in the Chloroplasts, specifically the stroma and thylakoids

64
Q

2 parts of Photosynthesis

A
  1. Light-Dependent Reactions (Hill Reactions, Z Scheme)

2. Light-independent reactions (Dark reactions, Carbon fixation)

65
Q

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

the thylakoids and stroma

66
Q

What is Photolysis?

A

Splitting of a water molecule. This happens in Photosystem II

67
Q

Light Reaction Formula

A

Light + Water = O2 + NADPH + Proton gradient

68
Q

Dark Reaction Formula

A

CO2 = C6H12O2

ATP and NADPH from light reaction used to fix carbon

69
Q

What is the function of Rubisco?

A

Grabs CO2 and creates an unstable 6-C sugar. This sugar breaks apart fast and creates 2 3-C sugars (PGA)

70
Q

Final Product of Dark Reactions?

A

PGAL and O2

71
Q

What is Photorespiration?

A

When rubisco binds with O2 instead of CO2. This is not good for the plant

72
Q

What happens when a plant goes through Photorespiration?

A

Has to go through salvage passageway to eliminate effects of photorespiration. This produces CO2

73
Q

What types of plants are C4?

A

Grasses

74
Q

Why are C4 plants called C4 plants?

A

Named C4 because it fixes carbon into a 4 carbon sugar using PEP

75
Q

Do C4 or C3 plants separate Rubisco from O2?

A

C4

76
Q

What are 2 special cells in C4 plants?

A

Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells?

77
Q

What is the purpose of Mesophyll cells in C4 plants?

A

Used for air exchange

78
Q

What is the purpose of Bundle Sheath Cells in C4 plants?

A

Where the Calvin Cycle takes place

79
Q

What are CAM plants?

A

They use both C3 and C4 reactions

80
Q

How do CAM plants differentiate reactions?

A

by timed day and night cycles

81
Q

What do CAM plants do during the day?

A

they close their stomata and do Calvin Cycle

82
Q

What do CAM plants do at night?

A

they have their stomata open and do C4 reaction

83
Q

Where do CAM plants store their products and what do they store it as?

A

They store their products as Malic Acid in the Vacuole

84
Q

What is produced from the Calvin Cycle?

A

C3 CPD

85
Q

What happens to C3 CPD after the Calvin Cycle?

A

In the cytosol, it is converted to glucose, then to the biologically inactive disaccharide, sucrose that is transported via the phloem

86
Q

What are the storage organs?

A

Seeds, tubers, and roots

87
Q

What is storage referred to as?

A

The sink

88
Q

What are 3 factors that initiate sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Development - Florigen
  2. Day length - phytochrome
  3. Temperature - vernalization
89
Q

What codes for the building of the flower?

A

AP1 being activated by FT-FD complexes

90
Q

When does Meiosis occur?

A

before sexual reproduction

91
Q

What does 1 diploid(2n) cell create?

A

2 haploid(1n) cells

92
Q

What happens when 2 haploid cells combine?

A

Fertalization, which results in a diploid cell

93
Q

What are the steps of meiosis in this case?

A 
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
94
Q

Is this statement correct:

There are 2 cell divisions in Meiosis but only one replication of chromosomes?

A

Yes

95
Q

What are the major Female Reproductive tissues?

A

The Carpel (stigma is the top, style is the long middle, and the ovary is the bottom) and the Ovule, which is inside the ovary

96
Q

Where does Megaspore development take place?

A

in the ovule

97
Q

What are the major Male Reproductive tissues?

A

The Stamen and Anther

98
Q

What happens during Microspore Development?

A

Diploid mother undergoes meiosis. Creates 4 haploid cells. They undergo mitosis and create 4 tube cells

99
Q

What is the term for Sexual Reproduction in plants?

A

Pollination

100
Q

What is Self-Pollination?

A

When a plant pollinates itself

101
Q

What is Cross-Pollination?

A

When a plant is pollinated by another plant

102
Q

What does Monoecious mean?

A

Plants have either Male or Female parts, not both

103
Q

What does Diecious mean?

A

Plants have both Male and Female parts

104
Q

What happens in Fertalization?

A

Gametes(1n) join together to form Zygotes(2n)

105
Q

What happens in Double Fertalization?

A

First sperm joins with other gamete to form zygote which then create embryo. Second sperm makes 3N triploid which creates the endosperm (seed shell)

106
Q

What is fruit technically?

A

The ovary of a plant

107
Q

What is the purpose of fruit?

A

Seed dispersal

Plant Biology (3 decks)

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