Exam 3 Flashcards
What does Diploid mean?
2N
What does Haploid mean?
1N
What cells are Diploid?
Parent Cells
What cells are Haploid?
Child Cells
What does 1N mean?
1 pair of 2 chromosomes
How many Megaspores are produced?
4 are produced in female parts and only 1 is used
How many nuclei does the useful Megaspore have in the end?
8 nuclei, but only 3 are important (The 2 polar and the egg cells)
What are Microspores comprised of?
2 sex cells and a tube
What are Somatic Cells?
Sex Cells
When does Photophosphorylation occur?
Photosynthesis
What is Photophosphorylation?
Attaches phosphorous to ADP using light energy to make ATP
Exergonic
Energy is released. Energy then used to make ATP
Endergonic
Energy is required. ADP is made
Hydrolysis
Breaks bond of phosphorous in ATP to make ADP
What is created in Glycolysis?
2 ATP (4 if you don’t count the 2 that were used to start glycolysis), 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate
Is Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
What happens in Cellular Respiration when there is no oxygen?
Fermentation
Where does Fermentation take place?
The cytosol
What is produced from Fermentation?
Alchohol in plants, lactic acid in animals.. along with CO2 and NAD+
Are the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Aerobic or Anaerobic?
Aerobic
What are the 3 major steps of Cellular Respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle (Aerobically), Fermentation (Anaerobically)
- Electron Transport Chain
Where does Glycolysis Take Place?
The Cytosol
Where does the Krebs Cycle Take Place?
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
What is the purpose of NADH in Cellular Respiration?
Carries pyruvate to the electron Transport Chain
What function to Enzymes have?
They act as catalysts
Products of the Krebs Cycle
2 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2
How many ATP can the Electron Transport Chain Produce?
34
Where does the Electron Transport Chain Take Place in
Respiration?
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
What produces ATP in the Electron Transport Chain?
ATP Synthase
What is the opposite of Cellular Respiration?
Photosynthesis
Is the Calvin Cycle Light Dependent or light independent
Light Independent
Which Photosystem is used first in Photosynthesis?
Photosystem II
What is the first step in Photosynthesis?
Electron Transport Chain
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place in Photosynthesis?
The thylakoid membranes
What is Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis?
When CO2 is bonded with Rubp with the help of Rubisco
Is Photosystem I or II cyclic?
Photosystem I is cyclic
What does Photosystem I Produce?
NADH
What does Photosystem II produce?
ATP
What wavelength of light does Photosystem I absorb?
P700
What wavelength of light does Photosystem II absorb?
P680
What is the center of the antenna complex called?
Reaction center
What is resonance energy transport ?
Moves energy from beginning of photosystem to reaction center
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
The Stroma of chloroplasts
What is Respiration?
the breakdown of energy storing compounds into energy
What is the formula of Respiration?
Glucose + 6(O2) = CO2 + H2O
What does Glucose become in Glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate
Glucose is a 6-Carbon sugar, what is pyruvate?
3-Carbon
What is removed from pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle and what is produced?
CO2 is removed. This releases 3 NADH, FADH2, and ATP
What is added to pyruvate during the Krebs Cycle?
CoA(2C) is added to Pyruvate(3C)
What is the total product of the Krebs Cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 1 extra NADH per cycle (x2 because 2 pyruvates)
What is used to shuttle hydrogen to the Electron Transport Chain?
NAD, FAD, NADP
What is hydrogen used for in the Electron Transport Chain?
To make water in the final product and to assist with electron transport
What is the purpose of the proton gradient in the Electron Transport Chain?
The proton gradient has potential energy that is used to make ATP in ATP synthase
Final Energy Budget
36-38 ATP created, most of which are during Electron Transport
What is Photosynthesis?
The process by which plants capture sunlight to make energy
What is the formula for Photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O + ENERGY = GLUCOSE + O2
What do pigments do?
Absorb different wavelengths of light
What is the most important pigment?
Chlorophyll a
What color does Chlorophyll b and c absorb?
light green
What color do Xanthophylls absorb?
Yellow
What color do Carotenes absorb?
Orange
What pigment uses Magnesium and has a long hydrophobic tail?
Chlorophyll a
Where does Photosynthesis occur?
in the Chloroplasts, specifically the stroma and thylakoids
2 parts of Photosynthesis
- Light-Dependent Reactions (Hill Reactions, Z Scheme)
2. Light-independent reactions (Dark reactions, Carbon fixation)
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
the thylakoids and stroma
What is Photolysis?
Splitting of a water molecule. This happens in Photosystem II
Light Reaction Formula
Light + Water = O2 + NADPH + Proton gradient
Dark Reaction Formula
CO2 = C6H12O2
ATP and NADPH from light reaction used to fix carbon
What is the function of Rubisco?
Grabs CO2 and creates an unstable 6-C sugar. This sugar breaks apart fast and creates 2 3-C sugars (PGA)
Final Product of Dark Reactions?
PGAL and O2
What is Photorespiration?
When rubisco binds with O2 instead of CO2. This is not good for the plant
What happens when a plant goes through Photorespiration?
Has to go through salvage passageway to eliminate effects of photorespiration. This produces CO2
What types of plants are C4?
Grasses
Why are C4 plants called C4 plants?
Named C4 because it fixes carbon into a 4 carbon sugar using PEP
Do C4 or C3 plants separate Rubisco from O2?
C4
What are 2 special cells in C4 plants?
Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells?
What is the purpose of Mesophyll cells in C4 plants?
Used for air exchange
What is the purpose of Bundle Sheath Cells in C4 plants?
Where the Calvin Cycle takes place
What are CAM plants?
They use both C3 and C4 reactions
How do CAM plants differentiate reactions?
by timed day and night cycles
What do CAM plants do during the day?
they close their stomata and do Calvin Cycle
What do CAM plants do at night?
they have their stomata open and do C4 reaction
Where do CAM plants store their products and what do they store it as?
They store their products as Malic Acid in the Vacuole
What is produced from the Calvin Cycle?
C3 CPD
What happens to C3 CPD after the Calvin Cycle?
In the cytosol, it is converted to glucose, then to the biologically inactive disaccharide, sucrose that is transported via the phloem
What are the storage organs?
Seeds, tubers, and roots
What is storage referred to as?
The sink
What are 3 factors that initiate sexual reproduction?
- Development - Florigen
- Day length - phytochrome
- Temperature - vernalization
What codes for the building of the flower?
AP1 being activated by FT-FD complexes
When does Meiosis occur?
before sexual reproduction
What does 1 diploid(2n) cell create?
2 haploid(1n) cells
What happens when 2 haploid cells combine?
Fertalization, which results in a diploid cell
What are the steps of meiosis in this case?
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
Is this statement correct:
There are 2 cell divisions in Meiosis but only one replication of chromosomes?
Yes
What are the major Female Reproductive tissues?
The Carpel (stigma is the top, style is the long middle, and the ovary is the bottom) and the Ovule, which is inside the ovary
Where does Megaspore development take place?
in the ovule
What are the major Male Reproductive tissues?
The Stamen and Anther
What happens during Microspore Development?
Diploid mother undergoes meiosis. Creates 4 haploid cells. They undergo mitosis and create 4 tube cells
What is the term for Sexual Reproduction in plants?
Pollination
What is Self-Pollination?
When a plant pollinates itself
What is Cross-Pollination?
When a plant is pollinated by another plant
What does Monoecious mean?
Plants have either Male or Female parts, not both
What does Diecious mean?
Plants have both Male and Female parts
What happens in Fertalization?
Gametes(1n) join together to form Zygotes(2n)
What happens in Double Fertalization?
First sperm joins with other gamete to form zygote which then create embryo. Second sperm makes 3N triploid which creates the endosperm (seed shell)
What is fruit technically?
The ovary of a plant
What is the purpose of fruit?
Seed dispersal
