Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
The nuclear envelope may be considered a portion of the…
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2
Q
Plasmodesmata are:
A
Cytoplasmic threads connecting adjacent cells
3
Q
Golgi bodies have the appearance of
A
Stacks of flattened, disk-shaped sacs
4
Q
Is the Cell Wall part of the Protosplast?
A
Cell Wall
5
Q
Ribosomes are the site of ___________ synthesis?
A
Protein
6
Q
The Cell Wall component, made of polygalacturonic acid, that is the primary component of the middle lamela is________
A
Pectin
7
Q
Is lignin deposited in the middle lamella?
A
Yes, lignin is deposited in the middle lamella
8
Q
Are plastids part of the endomembrane system?
A
No, plastids are not part of the endomembrane system
9
Q
What is the sequence that glycoproteins travel throughout the endomembrane system?
A
ER, cis Golgi, medial Golgi, trans Golgi
10
Q
What, located in the cell sap, are responsible for the red and blue colors of many fruits and vegetables?
A
Anthocyanids
11
Q
The principle organelle used in photosynthesis
A
Chloroplast
12
Q
What type of synthesis happens in the nucleolus?
A
Ribosome
13
Q
What type of cells (eukaryotic or prokaryotic) undergo mitosis and cytokenesis?
A
Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis and cytokenesis
14
Q
DNA replication occurs during the _____ phase of the cell cycle
A
DNA replication occurs during the S phase
15
Q
Kinetochores are protein complexes associated with _________________
A
Centromeres
16
Q
In the cell cycle, interphase consists of…
A
S phase, G1 phase, and G2 phase
17
Q
The Phragmosome, a structure bisecting the cell prior to cell division…
A
Is composed of microtubules and actin filaments
18
Q
Where does Cell Division occur?
A
Cell division occurs in the Root Cap Capella
19
Q
Lignified cell walls are a sign that plants have undergone…
A
Differentiation
20
Q
The two parts of the Cell Cycle are
A
Interphase and Mitosis
21
Q
Mitochondria and chloroplasts, like prokaryotes, reproduce by…
A
Binary Fission
22
Q
2 Parts of Cell Division
A
- Mitosis
2. Cytokinesis
23
Q
4 Stages of Mitosis
A
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
24
Q
What happens during Prophase?
A
Nuclear envelope disintegrating, chromosomes condense
25
What happens during Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
26
What happens during Anaphase?
Chromosomes begin to pull apart
27
What happens during Telophase?
See new nuclear envelope, chromosomes begin to break apart
28
What happens during Cytokinesis?
Cell breaks apart and forms two new cells
29
What would happen without Cytokinesis?
There would be one cell with 2 nucleus
30
What are Phytochromes?
Red light receptors
31
Is Pfr or Pr biologically active?
Pfr (far red light) is biologically active
32
What light makes plants germinate?
Pr makes plants germinate. Plants only germinate if Pr is the last light they saw.
33
Is auxin transported polarly?
Yes
34
Photo
Light
35
Gravi
Gravity
36
Nycti
dark
37
Thigmo
Touch
38
Helio
Sun
39
Morphogenesis
Normal Growth
40
Tropism
Permanent, Directed Growth
41
Nastic
Nonpermanent, nondirectional movement
42
Circadian Rhythm
Telling time by normal day and night cycles
43
Photoperiod
Telling time by red light cycles
44
What causes the green color in plants?
Chlorophyll
45
What causes the color changing in plants in the fall?
The breaking apart of chloroplasts. The chemicals that cause other colors break out by this
46
What does Anthocyanin cause?
Anthocyanin causes the purple colors in plants
47
Three types of Endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
48
What is Phagocytosis?
Cell eating. Plants don't do this
49
What is Pinocytosis?
Invagination and pinching off of a vesicle
50
What is Receptor Induced Endocytosis?
formation of membrane invagination
51
What does Etiolation mean?
A plant that is grown in the dark
52
What do Etiolated plants look like?
Tall, white, skinny, hooked
53
What did the Briggs Experiment do?
Puts glass in a plant to see how auxin moves in response to light.
54
Shade Avoidance
A plant detects that it is under the canopy by how much far red light it receives. The plant then moves to receive more light
55
Statoliths
How plants detect gravitational changes.
56
In shoots, gravity is perceived in the
Starch Sheath
57
Is Auxin required for hydrotropism?
Yes, Auxin is required for hydrotropism
58
In roots, gravity is perceived in the
Root Cap Columella
59
In roots and shoots, the statoliths are
Amyloplasts
60
Is this statement correct?
| Auxin is distributed to the lower side of the stem where it stimulates cell expansion
Yes that statement is correct
61
What color light is most effective in producing a phototropic response?
Blue light
62
One plant hormone involved in differentiation of vascular tissue is...
Brasinosteroids
63
An excised leaf floated in a kinetin solution will stay green longer than a leaf floated in water.
True or False?
True
64
In apical dominance, the apical bud...
inhibits the growth of lateral buds
65
PIN proteins
are auxin efflux carriers
66
2, 4 D is...
- A synthetic auxin
- is used as a herbicide
- is not broken down in plants as well as IAA
67
Is this statement true or false?
| Abscisic Acid inhibits the production of seed storage proteins
False
68
What is ethyline used for commercially?
It is used to speed ripen climacteric fruit
69
Is kinetin a naturally occuring cytokinin?
No kinetin is not naturally occuring
70
If a coleoptile tips is covered with a black glass tube and a light is shown on it from the side, the coleoptile will...
Not Bend
71
What is gibberellin acid used for commercially?
production of seedless grapes
72
Some dwarf plants are short because they...
cannot synthesize gibberellin
73
How is auxin transported in stems?
Basipetal
74
How is auxin transported in roots?
Acropetal
75
Plant hormones never "cross-talk"
False
76
All plant hormones...
Communicate Information
77
The plant hormone involved in abscision of fruits and leaves is...
Ethyline
78
Cold treatment for seed germination or flowering is called
Vernalization
79
If a short-day plant receives a one-minute exposure to light in the middle of the dark period rather than continuous darkness, it will...
Not Flower
80
Long-day plants flower...
In the summer
81
Photoperiod is perceived in the ____________ of the plant
Leaf Blade
82
the direction of a nastic movement is always ___________ the direction of the stimulus.
Independent of
83
Is heliotropism similar to stem phototropism?
No
84
What color of light does a plant use to determine photoperiod?
Red
85
Compared with similar plants growing in full sunlight, plants growing in the shade of other plants...
have a reduced red/far-red ratio
86
Are Pr and Pfr photoreceptors?
No
87
Stratification is the process used by horticulturalists in which seeds are...
moistened and exposed to low temperature
88
If the concentration of glucose is higher inside a cell than outside, glucose will enter the cell only by...
Active Transport
89
Consider two aqueous solutions, A and B. Solution A has a higher solute concentration than solution B. Solution A is place on one side of a selectivley permeable membrane, and solution b is placed on the other side...
solution B is hypotonic to solution A
90
Does the signal molecule is transported outside the cell by exocytosis occur during signal recognition?
No
91
The portion of a transmembrane (integral) protein embedded in the bilayer is...
hydrophobic
92
The symplast consists of...
all the protoplasts including their plasmodesmata
93
How many layers of lipids are in a membrane?
2
94
Water potential is defined as the...
potential energy of water
95
In receptor-mediated endocytosis (a form of vesicle-mediated transport), what happens immediately after the substance to be transported binds to a receptor?
the coated pit invaginates to form a coated vesicle
96
Does active transport require ATP?
Yes
97
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is...
Osmosis
98
Transport of on solute that is facilitated by a carrier proteins and depends on the transport of another solute in the same direction is...
symport
99
If a plant cell is placed in an aqueous solution that is hypertonic to the cell, the cell will...
undergo plasmolysis
100
Will ions diffuse across the plasma membrane?
No
101
What occurs in Mitochondria?
Cellular Respiration
102
What occurs in Ribosomes?
Protein Synthesis
103
What does Smooth ER produce?
Lipids
104
What is stored in the nucleus?
DNA
105
What is produced by Golgi?
Glycoproteins
106
What three cellular features are unique to Eukaryotes?
1. Chloroplasts
2. Cell Walls
3. Vacuoles
107
Three types of plastids in Eukaryotes
1. Chromoplasts
2. Chloroplasts
3. Leucoplasts
108
What is the function of Chromoplasts?
Produce colors in plants
109
What color do Chloroplasts produce?
Green
110
What are Thylakoids?
Round membranous sacks that store pigment
111
What are Stoma?
The space around Thylakoids
112
What color do Leucoplasts produce?
Clear
113
What is the function of Amyloplasts?
Storage of starches
114
Nickname of the Large Vacuole
Dumpster of the Cell
115
What is the Large Vacuole filled with?
Cell Sap
116
What is the Cell Sap comprised of?
- Water
- Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Toxic Secondary Compounds
- Anthocyanins
117
Are Anthocyanins pigments?
Yes
118
What colors do Anthocyanins produce?
Red and Blue
119
What do carbohydrates produce in Cell Walls?
1. Cellulose Microfibrils
2. Crosslinking Glycans
3. Pectin
120
What do proteins produce in Cell Walls?
Glycoproteins and enzymes
121
What is the Cell Wall made of?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lignin
- Cutin, Suberin, Waxes
122
What does Lignin produce in Cell Walls?
Phenolic. It also adds strength and stiffness
123
What do Cutin, Suberin, and Waxes do in Cell Walls?
Prevents Water Loss
124
What is synthesized in the Plasma Membrane?
Cellulose
125
What is Rosette?
The Cellulose Synthase
126
What is the Ase Ending mean?
enzyme
127
What does the Plasmodesmata do?
Cell to Cell communication
128
What is the symplast?
All of the cytoplasm
129
What is the Apoplast?
The Cell Wall
130
What is Apical Dominance controlled by?
Auxin
131
Acropetal
Moves from apex to the bottom
132
Basipetal
Moves from base to the apex
133
Where is Auxin synthesized in the leaf?
The leaf margin
134
What processes is Auxin involved in?
- Lateral root formation
| - Fruit development
135
What is the commercial function of Cytokinins?
Can produce a plant out of a single cell
136
What is Kinetin?
A synthetic cytokinin
137
Where is Ethylene synthesized?
in methionine
138
What will a plant look like if exposed to too much ethyline?
It will be short, fat, and bent over
139
Do plants give off ethyline when ripening?
Yes
140
What is ABA?
Abscisic Acid
141
What are the two functions of ABA?
1. Prevents Premature Germination
| 2. Closes Stroma when plant doesn't have enough water
142
What is GA?
Gibberellic Acid
143
What are the functions of Gibberellic Acid?
- Cell Expansion
- Tropisms
- Seed Germination
- Digestion of Starch
- The initiation of Flowering
- Promotes large fruits
- Transverse orientation of microtubules
144
What is the main function of Gibberellic Acid?
Seed Germination
145
What is BR?
Brassinosteroid
146
What are Brassinosteroids important in?
Tracheary Development
147
What are the 2 hypotheses of Cell Expansion?
1. Acid Growth Hypothesis
| 2. Cleavage and Regrowth of Cell Wall
148
What is Indeterminate Growth?
Plant growth continues as long as it lives
149
What is Primary Growth?
Growth by adding more cells
150
What is the zone of elongation?
Where the cells expand
151
How do cells elongate?
They get full of water
152
What is turgor pressure?
Water pressure in cells
153
What is a Primary Cell Wall?
The Cell Wall of a growing cell
154
What determines the cell shape?
Orientation of the cellulose
155
What determines the orientation of cellulose in the cell wall?
Microtubules
156
What is secondary growth?
Plant gets wider and not longer
157
Where does secondary growth occur?
Cambium
158
What is Cell differentiation?
When the cell gets its purpose and is done growing
159
Where does cell elongation occur?
Meristems
160
Diurnal Movement
Leaves are open during the day and closed at night
161
Two types of photoperiods
Short day and long day
162
Short day photoperiod
8 hours of sunlight
163
Long day photoperiod
>8 hours of sunlight
164
Definition of Tropism
A permanent, directed growth response generated by plants in response to external stimuli including light, touch, and gravity
165
What is the plant hormone that directs growth?
Auxin
166
What drives Auxin from one side of the plant to the other?
Light
167
Starch Statolith Theory
The plant knows it's orientation based on starch positioning in root cap columella
168
Columella
The central cells of the root cap
