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Plant Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The nuclear envelope may be considered a portion of the…

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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2
Q

Plasmodesmata are:

A

Cytoplasmic threads connecting adjacent cells

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3
Q

Golgi bodies have the appearance of

A

Stacks of flattened, disk-shaped sacs

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4
Q

Is the Cell Wall part of the Protosplast?

A

Cell Wall

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5
Q

Ribosomes are the site of ___________ synthesis?

A

Protein

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6
Q

The Cell Wall component, made of polygalacturonic acid, that is the primary component of the middle lamela is________

A

Pectin

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7
Q

Is lignin deposited in the middle lamella?

A

Yes, lignin is deposited in the middle lamella

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8
Q

Are plastids part of the endomembrane system?

A

No, plastids are not part of the endomembrane system

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9
Q

What is the sequence that glycoproteins travel throughout the endomembrane system?

A

ER, cis Golgi, medial Golgi, trans Golgi

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10
Q

What, located in the cell sap, are responsible for the red and blue colors of many fruits and vegetables?

A

Anthocyanids

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11
Q

The principle organelle used in photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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12
Q

What type of synthesis happens in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosome

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13
Q

What type of cells (eukaryotic or prokaryotic) undergo mitosis and cytokenesis?

A

Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis and cytokenesis

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14
Q

DNA replication occurs during the _____ phase of the cell cycle

A

DNA replication occurs during the S phase

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15
Q

Kinetochores are protein complexes associated with _________________

A

Centromeres

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16
Q

In the cell cycle, interphase consists of…

A

S phase, G1 phase, and G2 phase

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17
Q

The Phragmosome, a structure bisecting the cell prior to cell division…

A

Is composed of microtubules and actin filaments

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18
Q

Where does Cell Division occur?

A

Cell division occurs in the Root Cap Capella

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19
Q

Lignified cell walls are a sign that plants have undergone…

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

The two parts of the Cell Cycle are

A

Interphase and Mitosis

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21
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts, like prokaryotes, reproduce by…

A

Binary Fission

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22
Q

2 Parts of Cell Division

A
  1. Mitosis

2. Cytokinesis

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23
Q

4 Stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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24
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrating, chromosomes condense

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25
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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26
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes begin to pull apart

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27
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

See new nuclear envelope, chromosomes begin to break apart

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28
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis?

A

Cell breaks apart and forms two new cells

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29
Q

What would happen without Cytokinesis?

A

There would be one cell with 2 nucleus

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30
Q

What are Phytochromes?

A

Red light receptors

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31
Q

Is Pfr or Pr biologically active?

A

Pfr (far red light) is biologically active

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32
Q

What light makes plants germinate?

A

Pr makes plants germinate. Plants only germinate if Pr is the last light they saw.

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33
Q

Is auxin transported polarly?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Photo

A

Light

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35
Q

Gravi

A

Gravity

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36
Q

Nycti

A

dark

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37
Q

Thigmo

A

Touch

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38
Q

Helio

A

Sun

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39
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Normal Growth

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40
Q

Tropism

A

Permanent, Directed Growth

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41
Q

Nastic

A

Nonpermanent, nondirectional movement

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42
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Telling time by normal day and night cycles

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43
Q

Photoperiod

A

Telling time by red light cycles

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44
Q

What causes the green color in plants?

A

Chlorophyll

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45
Q

What causes the color changing in plants in the fall?

A

The breaking apart of chloroplasts. The chemicals that cause other colors break out by this

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46
Q

What does Anthocyanin cause?

A

Anthocyanin causes the purple colors in plants

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47
Q

Three types of Endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
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48
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating. Plants don’t do this

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49
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Invagination and pinching off of a vesicle

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50
Q

What is Receptor Induced Endocytosis?

A

formation of membrane invagination

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51
Q

What does Etiolation mean?

A

A plant that is grown in the dark

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52
Q

What do Etiolated plants look like?

A

Tall, white, skinny, hooked

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53
Q

What did the Briggs Experiment do?

A

Puts glass in a plant to see how auxin moves in response to light.

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54
Q

Shade Avoidance

A

A plant detects that it is under the canopy by how much far red light it receives. The plant then moves to receive more light

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55
Q

Statoliths

A

How plants detect gravitational changes.

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56
Q

In shoots, gravity is perceived in the

A

Starch Sheath

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57
Q

Is Auxin required for hydrotropism?

A

Yes, Auxin is required for hydrotropism

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58
Q

In roots, gravity is perceived in the

A

Root Cap Columella

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59
Q

In roots and shoots, the statoliths are

A

Amyloplasts

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60
Q

Is this statement correct?

Auxin is distributed to the lower side of the stem where it stimulates cell expansion

A

Yes that statement is correct

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61
Q

What color light is most effective in producing a phototropic response?

A

Blue light

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62
Q

One plant hormone involved in differentiation of vascular tissue is…

A

Brasinosteroids

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63
Q

An excised leaf floated in a kinetin solution will stay green longer than a leaf floated in water.
True or False?

A

True

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64
Q

In apical dominance, the apical bud…

A

inhibits the growth of lateral buds

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65
Q

PIN proteins

A

are auxin efflux carriers

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66
Q

2, 4 D is…

A
  • A synthetic auxin
  • is used as a herbicide
  • is not broken down in plants as well as IAA
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67
Q

Is this statement true or false?

Abscisic Acid inhibits the production of seed storage proteins

A

False

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68
Q

What is ethyline used for commercially?

A

It is used to speed ripen climacteric fruit

69
Q

Is kinetin a naturally occuring cytokinin?

A

No kinetin is not naturally occuring

70
Q

If a coleoptile tips is covered with a black glass tube and a light is shown on it from the side, the coleoptile will…

A

Not Bend

71
Q

What is gibberellin acid used for commercially?

A

production of seedless grapes

72
Q

Some dwarf plants are short because they…

A

cannot synthesize gibberellin

73
Q

How is auxin transported in stems?

A

Basipetal

74
Q

How is auxin transported in roots?

A

Acropetal

75
Q

Plant hormones never “cross-talk”

A

False

76
Q

All plant hormones…

A

Communicate Information

77
Q

The plant hormone involved in abscision of fruits and leaves is…

A

Ethyline

78
Q

Cold treatment for seed germination or flowering is called

A

Vernalization

79
Q

If a short-day plant receives a one-minute exposure to light in the middle of the dark period rather than continuous darkness, it will…

A

Not Flower

80
Q

Long-day plants flower…

A

In the summer

81
Q

Photoperiod is perceived in the ____________ of the plant

A

Leaf Blade

82
Q

the direction of a nastic movement is always ___________ the direction of the stimulus.

A

Independent of

83
Q

Is heliotropism similar to stem phototropism?

A

No

84
Q

What color of light does a plant use to determine photoperiod?

A

Red

85
Q

Compared with similar plants growing in full sunlight, plants growing in the shade of other plants…

A

have a reduced red/far-red ratio

86
Q

Are Pr and Pfr photoreceptors?

A

No

87
Q

Stratification is the process used by horticulturalists in which seeds are…

A

moistened and exposed to low temperature

88
Q

If the concentration of glucose is higher inside a cell than outside, glucose will enter the cell only by…

A

Active Transport

89
Q

Consider two aqueous solutions, A and B. Solution A has a higher solute concentration than solution B. Solution A is place on one side of a selectivley permeable membrane, and solution b is placed on the other side…

A

solution B is hypotonic to solution A

90
Q

Does the signal molecule is transported outside the cell by exocytosis occur during signal recognition?

A

No

91
Q

The portion of a transmembrane (integral) protein embedded in the bilayer is…

A

hydrophobic

92
Q

The symplast consists of…

A

all the protoplasts including their plasmodesmata

93
Q

How many layers of lipids are in a membrane?

A

2

94
Q

Water potential is defined as the…

A

potential energy of water

95
Q

In receptor-mediated endocytosis (a form of vesicle-mediated transport), what happens immediately after the substance to be transported binds to a receptor?

A

the coated pit invaginates to form a coated vesicle

96
Q

Does active transport require ATP?

A

Yes

97
Q

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is…

A

Osmosis

98
Q

Transport of on solute that is facilitated by a carrier proteins and depends on the transport of another solute in the same direction is…

A

symport

99
Q

If a plant cell is placed in an aqueous solution that is hypertonic to the cell, the cell will…

A

undergo plasmolysis

100
Q

Will ions diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

No

101
Q

What occurs in Mitochondria?

A

Cellular Respiration

102
Q

What occurs in Ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesis

103
Q

What does Smooth ER produce?

A

Lipids

104
Q

What is stored in the nucleus?

A

DNA

105
Q

What is produced by Golgi?

A

Glycoproteins

106
Q

What three cellular features are unique to Eukaryotes?

A
  1. Chloroplasts
  2. Cell Walls
  3. Vacuoles
107
Q

Three types of plastids in Eukaryotes

A
  1. Chromoplasts
  2. Chloroplasts
  3. Leucoplasts
108
Q

What is the function of Chromoplasts?

A

Produce colors in plants

109
Q

What color do Chloroplasts produce?

A

Green

110
Q

What are Thylakoids?

A

Round membranous sacks that store pigment

111
Q

What are Stoma?

A

The space around Thylakoids

112
Q

What color do Leucoplasts produce?

A

Clear

113
Q

What is the function of Amyloplasts?

A

Storage of starches

114
Q

Nickname of the Large Vacuole

A

Dumpster of the Cell

115
Q

What is the Large Vacuole filled with?

A

Cell Sap

116
Q

What is the Cell Sap comprised of?

A
  • Water
  • Organic and Inorganic Compounds
  • Toxic Secondary Compounds
  • Anthocyanins
117
Q

Are Anthocyanins pigments?

A

Yes

118
Q

What colors do Anthocyanins produce?

A

Red and Blue

119
Q

What do carbohydrates produce in Cell Walls?

A
  1. Cellulose Microfibrils
  2. Crosslinking Glycans
  3. Pectin
120
Q

What do proteins produce in Cell Walls?

A

Glycoproteins and enzymes

121
Q

What is the Cell Wall made of?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lignin
  • Cutin, Suberin, Waxes
122
Q

What does Lignin produce in Cell Walls?

A

Phenolic. It also adds strength and stiffness

123
Q

What do Cutin, Suberin, and Waxes do in Cell Walls?

A

Prevents Water Loss

124
Q

What is synthesized in the Plasma Membrane?

A

Cellulose

125
Q

What is Rosette?

A

The Cellulose Synthase

126
Q

What is the Ase Ending mean?

A

enzyme

127
Q

What does the Plasmodesmata do?

A

Cell to Cell communication

128
Q

What is the symplast?

A

All of the cytoplasm

129
Q

What is the Apoplast?

A

The Cell Wall

130
Q

What is Apical Dominance controlled by?

A

Auxin

131
Q

Acropetal

A

Moves from apex to the bottom

132
Q

Basipetal

A

Moves from base to the apex

133
Q

Where is Auxin synthesized in the leaf?

A

The leaf margin

134
Q

What processes is Auxin involved in?

A
  • Lateral root formation

- Fruit development

135
Q

What is the commercial function of Cytokinins?

A

Can produce a plant out of a single cell

136
Q

What is Kinetin?

A

A synthetic cytokinin

137
Q

Where is Ethylene synthesized?

A

in methionine

138
Q

What will a plant look like if exposed to too much ethyline?

A

It will be short, fat, and bent over

139
Q

Do plants give off ethyline when ripening?

A

Yes

140
Q

What is ABA?

A

Abscisic Acid

141
Q

What are the two functions of ABA?

A
  1. Prevents Premature Germination

2. Closes Stroma when plant doesn’t have enough water

142
Q

What is GA?

A

Gibberellic Acid

143
Q

What are the functions of Gibberellic Acid?

A
  • Cell Expansion
  • Tropisms
  • Seed Germination
  • Digestion of Starch
  • The initiation of Flowering
  • Promotes large fruits
  • Transverse orientation of microtubules
144
Q

What is the main function of Gibberellic Acid?

A

Seed Germination

145
Q

What is BR?

A

Brassinosteroid

146
Q

What are Brassinosteroids important in?

A

Tracheary Development

147
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses of Cell Expansion?

A
  1. Acid Growth Hypothesis

2. Cleavage and Regrowth of Cell Wall

148
Q

What is Indeterminate Growth?

A

Plant growth continues as long as it lives

149
Q

What is Primary Growth?

A

Growth by adding more cells

150
Q

What is the zone of elongation?

A

Where the cells expand

151
Q

How do cells elongate?

A

They get full of water

152
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

Water pressure in cells

153
Q

What is a Primary Cell Wall?

A

The Cell Wall of a growing cell

154
Q

What determines the cell shape?

A

Orientation of the cellulose

155
Q

What determines the orientation of cellulose in the cell wall?

A

Microtubules

156
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Plant gets wider and not longer

157
Q

Where does secondary growth occur?

A

Cambium

158
Q

What is Cell differentiation?

A

When the cell gets its purpose and is done growing

159
Q

Where does cell elongation occur?

A

Meristems

160
Q

Diurnal Movement

A

Leaves are open during the day and closed at night

161
Q

Two types of photoperiods

A

Short day and long day

162
Q

Short day photoperiod

A

8 hours of sunlight

163
Q

Long day photoperiod

A

> 8 hours of sunlight

164
Q

Definition of Tropism

A

A permanent, directed growth response generated by plants in response to external stimuli including light, touch, and gravity

165
Q

What is the plant hormone that directs growth?

A

Auxin

166
Q

What drives Auxin from one side of the plant to the other?

A

Light

167
Q

Starch Statolith Theory

A

The plant knows it’s orientation based on starch positioning in root cap columella

168
Q

Columella

A

The central cells of the root cap

Plant Biology (3 decks)

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