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Plant Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Node

A

Where a new branch begins on the stem

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2
Q

Internode

A

Area between nodes

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3
Q

Auxiliary Bud

A

New bud on end of branch or stem

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4
Q

Who developed the Cell Theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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5
Q

What did Hooke do?

A

Came up with name “Cell” because the squares in piece of cork looked like rooms in monasteries.

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6
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek do?

A

Looked at animal cells, called them animalcules

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7
Q

Monocots

A

Plants with one seed leaf.

Example - corn, grass

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8
Q

Dicots

A

2 seed leaves

Example - Trees, Beans, Melons

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9
Q

Name clue for Sugars

A

End in Ose

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10
Q

Structural clue for Sugars

A

“O” in the ring

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11
Q

What is unique, structurally, about Ribose?

A

Has 2 OH

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12
Q

What is unique, structurally, about Deoxyribose?

A

Has 1 OH and 1 H

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13
Q

How to tell an Amino Group, structurally, in an Amino Acid

A

Group of elements including Nitrogen.. Referred to as Nitrogen group

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14
Q

What does an Amino Acid look like, structurally?

A

Amino group and acid group attached to a central Carbon. Also there is an R representing the rest of the molecule. Example - H2N and COOH attached to C

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15
Q

What is a protein?

A

A group of Amino Acids

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16
Q

Triglyceride, Structurally

A

3 fatty acid chains on a glycerol backbone

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17
Q

Phospholipid, structurally

A

2 Fatty acid chains and a phosphate group on a glycerol backbone

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18
Q

Lipid, structurally

A

Carbon on a glycerol chain

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19
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Single hydrogen bonds, solid

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20
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Double hydrogen bonds, liquid

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21
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Hates / fears water

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22
Q

Nucleic Acid, structurally

A

Ribose or Deoxyribose attached to phosphate group and a big base

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23
Q

Where is DNA located in cells?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

What is located in the Ribosomes of a cell?

A

Ribosomal RNA

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25
Q

What cellular function takes place in the Ribosomes of a cell?

A

Protein synthesis

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26
Q

What is RNA’s function in a cell?

A

Transports info from nucleus to Ribosomes

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27
Q

Primary Protein structure

A

Single line of Amino acids

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28
Q

What types of structures are Alpha Helix and Beta Sheets?

A

Secondary Structures

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29
Q

How do secondary structures form?

A

Primary structures fold in on themselves

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30
Q

Can a single protein form a quatrinary structure by itself?

A

No, needs multiple

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31
Q

ATP stands for?

A

Adenine TRIphosphate

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32
Q

What does ATP look like, structurally?

A

Three phosphate groups on a nucleotide

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33
Q

ADP stands for?

A

Adenine DIphosphate

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34
Q

What does ADP look like, structurally?

A

Two phosphate groups on a nucleotide

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35
Q

What type of structure is a starch?

A

Alpha 1, 4 glucose

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36
Q

What does an Alpha link look like?

A

It goes up

Make sure glucose is on top left

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37
Q

What does a Beta link look like?

A

It goes down

Make sure glucose is on top left

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38
Q

What type of structure is Cellulose?

A

Beta 1, 4 glucose

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39
Q

Describe Cellulose

A

Long bars (work like rebar), connected by crosslinking Glycans. Pectin fills up extra space(concrete)

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40
Q

Functions of Leaves

A

Protection against desiccation, Light Capture, and Gas Exchange

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41
Q

Epidermis

A

Top layer of a plants structure

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42
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Cover on top of epidermis. Waterproofs the plant

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43
Q

Palisade Parenchyma

A

Where Chloroplasts are located and light is captures

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44
Q

What two organs in plants are involved in gas exchange?

A

Spongy Mesophyll and Stomata

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45
Q

Stomata

A

Passageway used for the diffusion of air

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46
Q

What two systems are responsible for Water and Nutrient Uptake?

A

Root system and Vascular system

47
Q

Xylem

A

Responsible for water transport. Water travels up the plant

48
Q

Phloem

A

Responsible for food transport. Food travels down the plant

49
Q

Taproot

A

Primary root. Has secondary roots branching off of it

50
Q

Fibrous Roots

A

Many small roots.

51
Q

Root Hairs

A

Single cell protrusions on roots that increase surface area. Help with mineral and water uptake

52
Q

What did Dutrochet discover?

A

All organic tissue are made up of cells

53
Q

4 Components of Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells
  2. The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
  3. Cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. Genetic information of the organism is contained in the cell and is passed from parent cell to child cell
54
Q

Which cells have nuclei, Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

55
Q

Archaebacterium and Eubacteria are examples of what type of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

56
Q

Where can we find Prokaryotes today?

A

In extreme conditions such as hot springs

57
Q

Is DNA enclosed in Prokaryotes?

A

No

58
Q

What types of cells have dual membranes surrounding their mitochondria?

A

Eukaryotes

59
Q

Kingdom Protista means ____________ organisms. These are examples of what types of cells?

A

Simple organisms. They are Eukaryotes

60
Q

A.I. Oparin hypothesized?

A

Primative Atmosphere + energy = spontaneous generation of life

61
Q

What did Miller and Urey discover when they tested A.I. Oparin’s hypothesis?

A

They spontaneously generated the building blocks of life but not life itself

62
Q

Panspermia theory

A

Life was seeded from another planet or from Asteroids or Comets

63
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The process in which Prokaryotes engulfed smaller bacteria which became part of their cellular structure

64
Q

Endosymbiosis evidence

A
  1. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and machinery to produce proteins
  2. Both divide and reproduce
  3. Both provide service to cell and receive service in return that are crucial to the survival of both
65
Q

The 4 Molecules of Life

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
66
Q

Primary Metabolites

A

Necessary for life

67
Q

Secondary Metabolites

A

Not necessary for life

68
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature?

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

Carbohydrate functions

A

Structure and energy storage

70
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single Sugars

71
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A
  • Glocose (6 carbon)
  • Ribose (5 carbon)
  • Glyceraldehyde (3 carbon)
72
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars

73
Q

Example of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

74
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugars

75
Q

Examples of other sugars

A
  • Xylose (xyloglucans)

- Pectin

76
Q

Is pectin a sugar?

A

Yes

77
Q

Is Xylose a protein?

A

No, it is a sugar

78
Q

Cell Wall function?

A

Structure

79
Q

What makes up a cell wall?

A

Chitin

80
Q

What substance, used for cheating in sports, is derived from Sterol

A

Steroids

81
Q

Sterol is a ____________

A

Lipid

82
Q

Wax coating on leaves are from what type of molecule of life?

A

Lipid

83
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  • Structure
  • Enzymes
  • Cellular Regulators and Messengers
84
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins

85
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

We cannot produce them naturally

86
Q

How do we know if food is complete or incomplete?

A

Based on amino acid content

87
Q

What are grains normally paired with in foods?

A

Legumes

88
Q

Nickname for Soybeans

A

Poor Man’s Meat

89
Q

4 types of Protein structures

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
90
Q

Tertiary Structure Example

A

Polypeptide

91
Q

4 Types of Nucleic Acids

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. ATP
  4. ADP
92
Q

DNA nickname

A

The blueprint of life

93
Q

RNA nickname

A

The interpreter of DNA

94
Q

ATP nickname

A

The currency of energy

95
Q

Chains of nucleotides make up

A

Nucleic Acids

96
Q

Deoxyribose sugar is in

A

DNA

97
Q

Ribose sugar is in

A

RNA

98
Q

DNA bases are (4 letters)

A

GCAT

99
Q

What letters pair together in DNA?

A

G pairs with C, A pairs with T

100
Q

RNA bases (4 letters)

A

GCAU

101
Q

The A base in DNA is

A

Adenine

102
Q

The G base in DNA is

A

Guanine

103
Q

Purines are made of

A

Guanine

104
Q

The T base in DNA is

A

Thymine

105
Q

The C base in DNA is

A

Cytosine

106
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double Helix

107
Q

3 Types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA
  2. Transfer RNA
  3. Ribosomal RNA
108
Q

Two types of science

A
  1. Descriptive

2. Experimental

109
Q

Descriptive Science

A

Reading and coming to a conclusion based on those readings and the work of others

110
Q

Experimental Science

A

Have to be able to test your hypothesis

111
Q

5 Steps in the Scientific Method

A
  1. Observe
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Test / Experiment
  5. Conclusion
112
Q

Experiments must be

A
  • Testable
  • Repeatable
  • Falsifiable
113
Q

Paradigm definition

A

A model or concept generally accepted by a group of people, a way of thinking

114
Q

4 ways in which science advances

A
  1. New instruments and methods
  2. Influence of Social Understanding of Values
  3. Social Needs
  4. Pure Genius

Plant Biology (3 decks)

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