Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Node
A
Where a new branch begins on the stem
2
Q
Internode
A
Area between nodes
3
Q
Auxiliary Bud
A
New bud on end of branch or stem
4
Q
Who developed the Cell Theory?
A
Schleiden and Schwann
5
Q
What did Hooke do?
A
Came up with name “Cell” because the squares in piece of cork looked like rooms in monasteries.
6
Q
What did Leeuwenhoek do?
A
Looked at animal cells, called them animalcules
7
Q
Monocots
A
Plants with one seed leaf.
Example - corn, grass
8
Q
Dicots
A
2 seed leaves
Example - Trees, Beans, Melons
9
Q
Name clue for Sugars
A
End in Ose
10
Q
Structural clue for Sugars
A
“O” in the ring
11
Q
What is unique, structurally, about Ribose?
A
Has 2 OH
12
Q
What is unique, structurally, about Deoxyribose?
A
Has 1 OH and 1 H
13
Q
How to tell an Amino Group, structurally, in an Amino Acid
A
Group of elements including Nitrogen.. Referred to as Nitrogen group
14
Q
What does an Amino Acid look like, structurally?
A
Amino group and acid group attached to a central Carbon. Also there is an R representing the rest of the molecule. Example - H2N and COOH attached to C
15
Q
What is a protein?
A
A group of Amino Acids
16
Q
Triglyceride, Structurally
A
3 fatty acid chains on a glycerol backbone
17
Q
Phospholipid, structurally
A
2 Fatty acid chains and a phosphate group on a glycerol backbone
18
Q
Lipid, structurally
A
Carbon on a glycerol chain
19
Q
Saturated Fatty Acid
A
Single hydrogen bonds, solid
20
Q
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
A
Double hydrogen bonds, liquid
21
Q
Hydrophobic
A
Hates / fears water
22
Q
Nucleic Acid, structurally
A
Ribose or Deoxyribose attached to phosphate group and a big base
23
Q
Where is DNA located in cells?
A
Nucleus
24
Q
What is located in the Ribosomes of a cell?
A
Ribosomal RNA
25
What cellular function takes place in the Ribosomes of a cell?
Protein synthesis
26
What is RNA's function in a cell?
Transports info from nucleus to Ribosomes
27
Primary Protein structure
Single line of Amino acids
28
What types of structures are Alpha Helix and Beta Sheets?
Secondary Structures
29
How do secondary structures form?
Primary structures fold in on themselves
30
Can a single protein form a quatrinary structure by itself?
No, needs multiple
31
ATP stands for?
Adenine TRIphosphate
32
What does ATP look like, structurally?
Three phosphate groups on a nucleotide
33
ADP stands for?
Adenine DIphosphate
34
What does ADP look like, structurally?
Two phosphate groups on a nucleotide
35
What type of structure is a starch?
Alpha 1, 4 glucose
36
What does an Alpha link look like?
It goes up
| **Make sure glucose is on top left**
37
What does a Beta link look like?
It goes down
| **Make sure glucose is on top left**
38
What type of structure is Cellulose?
Beta 1, 4 glucose
39
Describe Cellulose
Long bars (work like rebar), connected by crosslinking Glycans. Pectin fills up extra space(concrete)
40
Functions of Leaves
Protection against desiccation, Light Capture, and Gas Exchange
41
Epidermis
Top layer of a plants structure
42
Waxy Cuticle
Cover on top of epidermis. Waterproofs the plant
43
Palisade Parenchyma
Where Chloroplasts are located and light is captures
44
What two organs in plants are involved in gas exchange?
Spongy Mesophyll and Stomata
45
Stomata
Passageway used for the diffusion of air
46
What two systems are responsible for Water and Nutrient Uptake?
Root system and Vascular system
47
Xylem
Responsible for water transport. Water travels up the plant
48
Phloem
Responsible for food transport. Food travels down the plant
49
Taproot
Primary root. Has secondary roots branching off of it
50
Fibrous Roots
Many small roots.
51
Root Hairs
Single cell protrusions on roots that increase surface area. Help with mineral and water uptake
52
What did Dutrochet discover?
All organic tissue are made up of cells
53
4 Components of Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells
2. The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
3. Cells arise from preexisting cells
4. Genetic information of the organism is contained in the cell and is passed from parent cell to child cell
54
Which cells have nuclei, Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
55
Archaebacterium and Eubacteria are examples of what type of cells?
Prokaryotic
56
Where can we find Prokaryotes today?
In extreme conditions such as hot springs
57
Is DNA enclosed in Prokaryotes?
No
58
What types of cells have dual membranes surrounding their mitochondria?
Eukaryotes
59
Kingdom Protista means ____________ organisms. These are examples of what types of cells?
Simple organisms. They are Eukaryotes
60
A.I. Oparin hypothesized?
Primative Atmosphere + energy = spontaneous generation of life
61
What did Miller and Urey discover when they tested A.I. Oparin's hypothesis?
They spontaneously generated the building blocks of life but not life itself
62
Panspermia theory
Life was seeded from another planet or from Asteroids or Comets
63
Endosymbiosis
The process in which Prokaryotes engulfed smaller bacteria which became part of their cellular structure
64
Endosymbiosis evidence
1. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and machinery to produce proteins
2. Both divide and reproduce
3. Both provide service to cell and receive service in return that are crucial to the survival of both
65
The 4 Molecules of Life
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
66
Primary Metabolites
Necessary for life
67
Secondary Metabolites
Not necessary for life
68
What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature?
Carbohydrates
69
Carbohydrate functions
Structure and energy storage
70
Monosaccharides
Single Sugars
71
Examples of Monosaccharides
- Glocose (6 carbon)
- Ribose (5 carbon)
- Glyceraldehyde (3 carbon)
72
Disaccharides
Double sugars
73
Example of Disaccharides
Sucrose (table sugar)
74
Polysaccharides
Many sugars
75
Examples of other sugars
- Xylose (xyloglucans)
| - Pectin
76
Is pectin a sugar?
Yes
77
Is Xylose a protein?
No, it is a sugar
78
Cell Wall function?
Structure
79
What makes up a cell wall?
Chitin
80
What substance, used for cheating in sports, is derived from Sterol
Steroids
81
Sterol is a ____________
Lipid
82
Wax coating on leaves are from what type of molecule of life?
Lipid
83
Functions of proteins
- Structure
- Enzymes
- Cellular Regulators and Messengers
84
What are Amino Acids?
The building blocks of proteins
85
What is an essential amino acid?
We cannot produce them naturally
86
How do we know if food is complete or incomplete?
Based on amino acid content
87
What are grains normally paired with in foods?
Legumes
88
Nickname for Soybeans
Poor Man's Meat
89
4 types of Protein structures
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
90
Tertiary Structure Example
Polypeptide
91
4 Types of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA
2. RNA
3. ATP
4. ADP
92
DNA nickname
The blueprint of life
93
RNA nickname
The interpreter of DNA
94
ATP nickname
The currency of energy
95
Chains of nucleotides make up
Nucleic Acids
96
Deoxyribose sugar is in
DNA
97
Ribose sugar is in
RNA
98
DNA bases are (4 letters)
GCAT
99
What letters pair together in DNA?
G pairs with C, A pairs with T
100
RNA bases (4 letters)
GCAU
101
The A base in DNA is
Adenine
102
The G base in DNA is
Guanine
103
Purines are made of
Guanine
104
The T base in DNA is
Thymine
105
The C base in DNA is
Cytosine
106
Structure of DNA
Double Helix
107
3 Types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA
2. Transfer RNA
3. Ribosomal RNA
108
Two types of science
1. Descriptive
| 2. Experimental
109
Descriptive Science
Reading and coming to a conclusion based on those readings and the work of others
110
Experimental Science
Have to be able to test your hypothesis
111
5 Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observe
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Test / Experiment
5. Conclusion
112
Experiments must be
- Testable
- Repeatable
- Falsifiable
113
Paradigm definition
A model or concept generally accepted by a group of people, a way of thinking
114
4 ways in which science advances
1. New instruments and methods
2. Influence of Social Understanding of Values
3. Social Needs
4. Pure Genius
