Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Node

A

Where a new branch begins on the stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Internode

A

Area between nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Auxiliary Bud

A

New bud on end of branch or stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who developed the Cell Theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Hooke do?

A

Came up with name “Cell” because the squares in piece of cork looked like rooms in monasteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek do?

A

Looked at animal cells, called them animalcules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monocots

A

Plants with one seed leaf.

Example - corn, grass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dicots

A

2 seed leaves

Example - Trees, Beans, Melons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name clue for Sugars

A

End in Ose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structural clue for Sugars

A

“O” in the ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is unique, structurally, about Ribose?

A

Has 2 OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is unique, structurally, about Deoxyribose?

A

Has 1 OH and 1 H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to tell an Amino Group, structurally, in an Amino Acid

A

Group of elements including Nitrogen.. Referred to as Nitrogen group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does an Amino Acid look like, structurally?

A

Amino group and acid group attached to a central Carbon. Also there is an R representing the rest of the molecule. Example - H2N and COOH attached to C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a protein?

A

A group of Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Triglyceride, Structurally

A

3 fatty acid chains on a glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phospholipid, structurally

A

2 Fatty acid chains and a phosphate group on a glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lipid, structurally

A

Carbon on a glycerol chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Single hydrogen bonds, solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Double hydrogen bonds, liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Hates / fears water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nucleic Acid, structurally

A

Ribose or Deoxyribose attached to phosphate group and a big base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is DNA located in cells?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is located in the Ribosomes of a cell?

A

Ribosomal RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What cellular function takes place in the Ribosomes of a cell?

A

Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is RNA’s function in a cell?

A

Transports info from nucleus to Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary Protein structure

A

Single line of Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What types of structures are Alpha Helix and Beta Sheets?

A

Secondary Structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do secondary structures form?

A

Primary structures fold in on themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Can a single protein form a quatrinary structure by itself?

A

No, needs multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ATP stands for?

A

Adenine TRIphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does ATP look like, structurally?

A

Three phosphate groups on a nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ADP stands for?

A

Adenine DIphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does ADP look like, structurally?

A

Two phosphate groups on a nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What type of structure is a starch?

A

Alpha 1, 4 glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does an Alpha link look like?

A

It goes up

Make sure glucose is on top left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does a Beta link look like?

A

It goes down

Make sure glucose is on top left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of structure is Cellulose?

A

Beta 1, 4 glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe Cellulose

A

Long bars (work like rebar), connected by crosslinking Glycans. Pectin fills up extra space(concrete)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Functions of Leaves

A

Protection against desiccation, Light Capture, and Gas Exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Epidermis

A

Top layer of a plants structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Waxy Cuticle

A

Cover on top of epidermis. Waterproofs the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Palisade Parenchyma

A

Where Chloroplasts are located and light is captures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What two organs in plants are involved in gas exchange?

A

Spongy Mesophyll and Stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Stomata

A

Passageway used for the diffusion of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What two systems are responsible for Water and Nutrient Uptake?

A

Root system and Vascular system

47
Q

Xylem

A

Responsible for water transport. Water travels up the plant

48
Q

Phloem

A

Responsible for food transport. Food travels down the plant

49
Q

Taproot

A

Primary root. Has secondary roots branching off of it

50
Q

Fibrous Roots

A

Many small roots.

51
Q

Root Hairs

A

Single cell protrusions on roots that increase surface area. Help with mineral and water uptake

52
Q

What did Dutrochet discover?

A

All organic tissue are made up of cells

53
Q

4 Components of Cell Theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells
  2. The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
  3. Cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. Genetic information of the organism is contained in the cell and is passed from parent cell to child cell
54
Q

Which cells have nuclei, Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

55
Q

Archaebacterium and Eubacteria are examples of what type of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

56
Q

Where can we find Prokaryotes today?

A

In extreme conditions such as hot springs

57
Q

Is DNA enclosed in Prokaryotes?

A

No

58
Q

What types of cells have dual membranes surrounding their mitochondria?

A

Eukaryotes

59
Q

Kingdom Protista means ____________ organisms. These are examples of what types of cells?

A

Simple organisms. They are Eukaryotes

60
Q

A.I. Oparin hypothesized?

A

Primative Atmosphere + energy = spontaneous generation of life

61
Q

What did Miller and Urey discover when they tested A.I. Oparin’s hypothesis?

A

They spontaneously generated the building blocks of life but not life itself

62
Q

Panspermia theory

A

Life was seeded from another planet or from Asteroids or Comets

63
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The process in which Prokaryotes engulfed smaller bacteria which became part of their cellular structure

64
Q

Endosymbiosis evidence

A
  1. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and machinery to produce proteins
  2. Both divide and reproduce
  3. Both provide service to cell and receive service in return that are crucial to the survival of both
65
Q

The 4 Molecules of Life

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
66
Q

Primary Metabolites

A

Necessary for life

67
Q

Secondary Metabolites

A

Not necessary for life

68
Q

What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature?

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

Carbohydrate functions

A

Structure and energy storage

70
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single Sugars

71
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A
  • Glocose (6 carbon)
  • Ribose (5 carbon)
  • Glyceraldehyde (3 carbon)
72
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars

73
Q

Example of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

74
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugars

75
Q

Examples of other sugars

A
  • Xylose (xyloglucans)

- Pectin

76
Q

Is pectin a sugar?

A

Yes

77
Q

Is Xylose a protein?

A

No, it is a sugar

78
Q

Cell Wall function?

A

Structure

79
Q

What makes up a cell wall?

A

Chitin

80
Q

What substance, used for cheating in sports, is derived from Sterol

A

Steroids

81
Q

Sterol is a ____________

A

Lipid

82
Q

Wax coating on leaves are from what type of molecule of life?

A

Lipid

83
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  • Structure
  • Enzymes
  • Cellular Regulators and Messengers
84
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

The building blocks of proteins

85
Q

What is an essential amino acid?

A

We cannot produce them naturally

86
Q

How do we know if food is complete or incomplete?

A

Based on amino acid content

87
Q

What are grains normally paired with in foods?

A

Legumes

88
Q

Nickname for Soybeans

A

Poor Man’s Meat

89
Q

4 types of Protein structures

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
  4. Quaternary
90
Q

Tertiary Structure Example

A

Polypeptide

91
Q

4 Types of Nucleic Acids

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. ATP
  4. ADP
92
Q

DNA nickname

A

The blueprint of life

93
Q

RNA nickname

A

The interpreter of DNA

94
Q

ATP nickname

A

The currency of energy

95
Q

Chains of nucleotides make up

A

Nucleic Acids

96
Q

Deoxyribose sugar is in

A

DNA

97
Q

Ribose sugar is in

A

RNA

98
Q

DNA bases are (4 letters)

A

GCAT

99
Q

What letters pair together in DNA?

A

G pairs with C, A pairs with T

100
Q

RNA bases (4 letters)

A

GCAU

101
Q

The A base in DNA is

A

Adenine

102
Q

The G base in DNA is

A

Guanine

103
Q

Purines are made of

A

Guanine

104
Q

The T base in DNA is

A

Thymine

105
Q

The C base in DNA is

A

Cytosine

106
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double Helix

107
Q

3 Types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA
  2. Transfer RNA
  3. Ribosomal RNA
108
Q

Two types of science

A
  1. Descriptive

2. Experimental

109
Q

Descriptive Science

A

Reading and coming to a conclusion based on those readings and the work of others

110
Q

Experimental Science

A

Have to be able to test your hypothesis

111
Q

5 Steps in the Scientific Method

A
  1. Observe
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Test / Experiment
  5. Conclusion
112
Q

Experiments must be

A
  • Testable
  • Repeatable
  • Falsifiable
113
Q

Paradigm definition

A

A model or concept generally accepted by a group of people, a way of thinking

114
Q

4 ways in which science advances

A
  1. New instruments and methods
  2. Influence of Social Understanding of Values
  3. Social Needs
  4. Pure Genius