Exam 1 Flashcards
Node
Where a new branch begins on the stem
Internode
Area between nodes
Auxiliary Bud
New bud on end of branch or stem
Who developed the Cell Theory?
Schleiden and Schwann
What did Hooke do?
Came up with name “Cell” because the squares in piece of cork looked like rooms in monasteries.
What did Leeuwenhoek do?
Looked at animal cells, called them animalcules
Monocots
Plants with one seed leaf.
Example - corn, grass
Dicots
2 seed leaves
Example - Trees, Beans, Melons
Name clue for Sugars
End in Ose
Structural clue for Sugars
“O” in the ring
What is unique, structurally, about Ribose?
Has 2 OH
What is unique, structurally, about Deoxyribose?
Has 1 OH and 1 H
How to tell an Amino Group, structurally, in an Amino Acid
Group of elements including Nitrogen.. Referred to as Nitrogen group
What does an Amino Acid look like, structurally?
Amino group and acid group attached to a central Carbon. Also there is an R representing the rest of the molecule. Example - H2N and COOH attached to C
What is a protein?
A group of Amino Acids
Triglyceride, Structurally
3 fatty acid chains on a glycerol backbone
Phospholipid, structurally
2 Fatty acid chains and a phosphate group on a glycerol backbone
Lipid, structurally
Carbon on a glycerol chain
Saturated Fatty Acid
Single hydrogen bonds, solid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Double hydrogen bonds, liquid
Hydrophobic
Hates / fears water
Nucleic Acid, structurally
Ribose or Deoxyribose attached to phosphate group and a big base
Where is DNA located in cells?
Nucleus
What is located in the Ribosomes of a cell?
Ribosomal RNA
What cellular function takes place in the Ribosomes of a cell?
Protein synthesis
What is RNA’s function in a cell?
Transports info from nucleus to Ribosomes
Primary Protein structure
Single line of Amino acids
What types of structures are Alpha Helix and Beta Sheets?
Secondary Structures
How do secondary structures form?
Primary structures fold in on themselves
Can a single protein form a quatrinary structure by itself?
No, needs multiple
ATP stands for?
Adenine TRIphosphate
What does ATP look like, structurally?
Three phosphate groups on a nucleotide
ADP stands for?
Adenine DIphosphate
What does ADP look like, structurally?
Two phosphate groups on a nucleotide
What type of structure is a starch?
Alpha 1, 4 glucose
What does an Alpha link look like?
It goes up
Make sure glucose is on top left
What does a Beta link look like?
It goes down
Make sure glucose is on top left
What type of structure is Cellulose?
Beta 1, 4 glucose
Describe Cellulose
Long bars (work like rebar), connected by crosslinking Glycans. Pectin fills up extra space(concrete)
Functions of Leaves
Protection against desiccation, Light Capture, and Gas Exchange
Epidermis
Top layer of a plants structure
Waxy Cuticle
Cover on top of epidermis. Waterproofs the plant
Palisade Parenchyma
Where Chloroplasts are located and light is captures
What two organs in plants are involved in gas exchange?
Spongy Mesophyll and Stomata
Stomata
Passageway used for the diffusion of air
What two systems are responsible for Water and Nutrient Uptake?
Root system and Vascular system
Xylem
Responsible for water transport. Water travels up the plant
Phloem
Responsible for food transport. Food travels down the plant
Taproot
Primary root. Has secondary roots branching off of it
Fibrous Roots
Many small roots.
Root Hairs
Single cell protrusions on roots that increase surface area. Help with mineral and water uptake
What did Dutrochet discover?
All organic tissue are made up of cells
4 Components of Cell Theory
- All organisms are composed of cells
- The chemical reactions of a living organism take place within cells
- Cells arise from preexisting cells
- Genetic information of the organism is contained in the cell and is passed from parent cell to child cell
Which cells have nuclei, Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Archaebacterium and Eubacteria are examples of what type of cells?
Prokaryotic
Where can we find Prokaryotes today?
In extreme conditions such as hot springs
Is DNA enclosed in Prokaryotes?
No
What types of cells have dual membranes surrounding their mitochondria?
Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista means ____________ organisms. These are examples of what types of cells?
Simple organisms. They are Eukaryotes
A.I. Oparin hypothesized?
Primative Atmosphere + energy = spontaneous generation of life
What did Miller and Urey discover when they tested A.I. Oparin’s hypothesis?
They spontaneously generated the building blocks of life but not life itself
Panspermia theory
Life was seeded from another planet or from Asteroids or Comets
Endosymbiosis
The process in which Prokaryotes engulfed smaller bacteria which became part of their cellular structure
Endosymbiosis evidence
- Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and machinery to produce proteins
- Both divide and reproduce
- Both provide service to cell and receive service in return that are crucial to the survival of both
The 4 Molecules of Life
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Primary Metabolites
Necessary for life
Secondary Metabolites
Not necessary for life
What is the most abundant organic molecule in nature?
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate functions
Structure and energy storage
Monosaccharides
Single Sugars
Examples of Monosaccharides
- Glocose (6 carbon)
- Ribose (5 carbon)
- Glyceraldehyde (3 carbon)
Disaccharides
Double sugars
Example of Disaccharides
Sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharides
Many sugars
Examples of other sugars
- Xylose (xyloglucans)
- Pectin
Is pectin a sugar?
Yes
Is Xylose a protein?
No, it is a sugar
Cell Wall function?
Structure
What makes up a cell wall?
Chitin
What substance, used for cheating in sports, is derived from Sterol
Steroids
Sterol is a ____________
Lipid
Wax coating on leaves are from what type of molecule of life?
Lipid
Functions of proteins
- Structure
- Enzymes
- Cellular Regulators and Messengers
What are Amino Acids?
The building blocks of proteins
What is an essential amino acid?
We cannot produce them naturally
How do we know if food is complete or incomplete?
Based on amino acid content
What are grains normally paired with in foods?
Legumes
Nickname for Soybeans
Poor Man’s Meat
4 types of Protein structures
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
Tertiary Structure Example
Polypeptide
4 Types of Nucleic Acids
- DNA
- RNA
- ATP
- ADP
DNA nickname
The blueprint of life
RNA nickname
The interpreter of DNA
ATP nickname
The currency of energy
Chains of nucleotides make up
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribose sugar is in
DNA
Ribose sugar is in
RNA
DNA bases are (4 letters)
GCAT
What letters pair together in DNA?
G pairs with C, A pairs with T
RNA bases (4 letters)
GCAU
The A base in DNA is
Adenine
The G base in DNA is
Guanine
Purines are made of
Guanine
The T base in DNA is
Thymine
The C base in DNA is
Cytosine
Structure of DNA
Double Helix
3 Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA
- Transfer RNA
- Ribosomal RNA
Two types of science
- Descriptive
2. Experimental
Descriptive Science
Reading and coming to a conclusion based on those readings and the work of others
Experimental Science
Have to be able to test your hypothesis
5 Steps in the Scientific Method
- Observe
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Test / Experiment
- Conclusion
Experiments must be
- Testable
- Repeatable
- Falsifiable
Paradigm definition
A model or concept generally accepted by a group of people, a way of thinking
4 ways in which science advances
- New instruments and methods
- Influence of Social Understanding of Values
- Social Needs
- Pure Genius
