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Psychology 3313 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

non-associative learning

A

involves change in the magnitude of response to environmental events

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2
Q

habituation

A

decrease in strength or occurrence of behavior after repeated exposure

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3
Q

what is the purpose of habituation?

A

allows organism to focus on learning new or important information

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4
Q

sensation

A

experience of one startling stimulus heightens responding to subsequent stimuli

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5
Q

associative learning

A

involves a connection between two elements or events

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6
Q

classical conditioning

A

formation of connections or associations between related sensations, emotions, or thoughts

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7
Q

unconditional stimulus (US)

A

biologically relevant stimulus

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8
Q

unconditional response (UR)

A

an unlearned reaction to US

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9
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

an initially neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to signal important biological events (ex: bell)

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10
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

a learned reaction to the CS

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11
Q

gill-withdraw reflex

A

occurs when touching the siphon produces a retraction of the gill

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12
Q

habituation in Aplysia

A

less glutamate released onto motor neuron, making the reaction to the siphon smaller each time

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13
Q

sensation in Aplysia

A

shocking the head or tail resulting in ENHANCED gill-withdraw reflex following the siphon touch

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14
Q

what is the additional NT required for sensation in Aplysia?

A

an interneuron, SEROTONIN

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15
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary response to stimuli

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16
Q

instincts

A

automatic complex behavior

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17
Q

where is LTP?

A

interpositus neurons

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18
Q

where is LTD?

A

purkinje cells

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19
Q

what is LTP?

A

long-term potentiation

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20
Q

what is LTD?

A

long-term depression

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21
Q

memory

A

the concrete trace of what you learned left in your neural networks

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22
Q

short term or working memory

A

active and temporary representation of information that is maintained for short periods of time

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23
Q

central executive

A

monitors and manipulates working memory information

- located in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

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24
Q

declarative or explicit memory

A

memories for facts or events

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25
Q

2 types of declarative memories

A
  • semantic “what is a…?”

- episodic “what happened?”

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26
Q

non-declarative or implicit memory

A

memories for skills, habits, and emotions

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27
Q

3 types of non-declarative memories

A
  • procedural “how to…?”
  • associative (classical and operative conditioning)
  • nonassociative (habituation and sensitization)
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28
Q

who is HM? and what did he have done?

A

Henry Gustav Molaison

had 2/3 of medial temporal lobes removed to help stop seizures resulting in ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

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29
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

cannot remember the past

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30
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cannot form NEW memories

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31
Q

what are the 3 stages of memory

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage/consolidation
  3. retrieval
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32
Q

consolidation

A

process of forming a physical representation of memory

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33
Q

standard consolidation theory

A

hippocampus binds many components of memory together. as consolidation occurs, memory becomes hippocampal-independent and memory looses specificity

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34
Q

lateralization

A

localization of function in one or the other hemispheres

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35
Q

rasmussen’s syndrome

A

produces seizures in only one hemisphere

- solved by hemispherectomy

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36
Q

severed pathways in split brain

A
  • anterior commissure (temporal lobe)
  • corpus callosum
  • thalamus
  • mass intermedia
  • hippocampal commissure
  • hippocampus
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37
Q

interpreter

A

one hemisphere tries to make sense of actions
- like right hemisphere makes you point at an object, left hemisphere does not understand so it tries to make sense of it

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38
Q

what does the RIGHT hemisphere control?

A
  • emotion
  • intuition
  • spatial relations
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39
Q

what does the LEFT hemisphere control?

A
  • logic
  • sequence
  • verbal
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40
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

fetus’ adrenal glands release elevated levels of androgens

  • in females: no change
  • in males: higher proportion are left handed but no language change
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41
Q

right handedness

A

90% right handed
95% localize language in LEFT hemisphere
4% localize in right hemisphere
1% localize in both

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42
Q

left handedness

A

10% left handed
70% localize language in LEFT hemisphere
15% localize in right hemisphere
15% localize in both

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43
Q

dichotic listening

A

different sounds present simultaneously to both ears

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44
Q

prosody

A

use of intonation and stress in language to convey emotional tone and meaning

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45
Q

where is perfect pitch found?

A

planum temporale, a brain region near the auditory tube

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46
Q

language

A

system of rule-based communication that combines symbols (sounds and gestures) in order to express a meaning, idea, or thought

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47
Q

FOXP2 gene

A

located on chromosome 7

- codes transcription factor which regulates expression of large number of genes

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48
Q

KE family

A

mutation associated with disrupted speech production and comprehension

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49
Q

regions compromised by FOXP2 gene

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • cerebellum
  • lobules VIIB and VIIIB
  • motor cortex (ventral sector)
  • broca’s area
  • brodmann’s 44, 45, and 6
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50
Q

mirror neuron

A

regions of the brain that activate when you do an action or see someone else doing that action

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51
Q

bilingualism

A

easier to learn when younger, gray matter increases in cortical regions with language proficiency

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52
Q

wernicke-geschwind model of language

A
  • word comprehension occurs in wernicke’s area
  • speech response generated in broca’s area
  • speech production controlled via motor cortex and basal ganglia activation
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53
Q

language implementation system

A

decodes incoming verbal information and produce appropriate verbal response. depends on broca’s area, wernicke’s area, insular cortex, and basal ganglia

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54
Q

mediational system

A

manages communication between implementation and conceptual systems. depends on temporal, frontal and parietal lobes

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55
Q

conceptual system

A

manages semantic knowledge. depends on high level cortical association areas

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56
Q

aphasis

A

brain damage that results in total or partial loss of ability to either produce or comprehend spoken language

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57
Q

broca’s aphasia

A
  • in broca’s area, along inferior frontal gyrus
  • speech production and writing deficits
  • anomia: difficulty retrieving correct words for idea they wish to express
  • comprehension intact
  • singing intact
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58
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • in wernicke’s area, below superior temporal gyrus
  • comprehension for both spoken and written word impaired
  • speech is rapid and fluent but virtually meaningless
  • seems unaware they make no sense
  • neologisms common
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59
Q

motor transcortical aphasia

A
  • dorsolateral PFC damage
  • affects higher cognitive and attentional functions related to language production
  • initiation of speech disrupted
  • unable to produce verbs related to particular nouns
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60
Q

sensory transcortical aphasia

A
  • affects ability to understand meaningful words

- speech is grammatical and fluent

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61
Q

alexia

A
  • reading
  • word blindness
  • can recognize spoken words
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62
Q

alexia - left occipital cortex damage

A

affects ability to perceive words and word like shapes

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63
Q

alexia - corpus callosum damage

A

prevents transfer of information from right visual cortex to left language areas

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64
Q

agraphia

A
  • writing
  • inability to write
  • damage to motor control areas
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65
Q

phonological agraphia

A

unable to sounds out new or difficult words

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66
Q

orthographic agraphia

A

can spell only phonetically

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67
Q

dyslexia

A

impairment in reading despite intelligence and exposure

  • reading words backwards
  • confusing mirror image letters
  • trouble fixating on printed words
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68
Q

stuttering

A

producing repetitions pr prolonging of sounds

  • primarily genetic
  • both hemispheres vie to control speech production
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69
Q

emotion

A

subjective experience that arise spontaneously and unconsciously in response to internal and external events

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70
Q

components of emotion

A
  • physical reaction

- conscious experience or feeling

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71
Q

functions of emotion

A
  • arousal
  • approach/avoidance
  • communication
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72
Q

where are facial expressions controlled?

A

facial nuclei in the pons nuclei near midline

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73
Q

voluntary expressions

A

motor cortex input

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74
Q

involuntary expressions

A

subcortical (basil ganglia)

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75
Q

volitional facial paralysis

A

unable to perform on command emotion on contralateral side of damage but can spontaneously show emotion all over

76
Q

emotional facial paralysis

A

lose spontaneous emotion but still have on command emotion

- seen in parkinson’s

77
Q

universal emotions

A 
happiness 
sadness
anger
fear 
disgust
surprise
78
Q

high reactivity

A

anxiety disorders

79
Q

low reactivity

A

antisocial behaviors

80
Q

non-responsive

A

psychopaths

81
Q

james-lange theory

A

specific patterns of autonomic arousal leads to specific emotions
- emotion can be induced by the corresponding bodily responses

82
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

autonomic arousal and identification occur simultaneously and independently

83
Q

schacter-singer theory

A

physiological arousal contributes to emotions intensity, while identity of emotion is based on cognitive appraisal

84
Q

biological correlations of emotion

A

ANS
amygdala
cingulate cortex
cerebral cortex

85
Q

limbic system

A 
thalamus 
cingulate cortex
corpus callosum 
amygdala 
hippocampus
hypothalamus
86
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A

bilateral temporalobectomy

  • effects amygdala
  • decreases emotional reactivity
  • hyper-sexuality
  • hyper-orality
87
Q

amygdala stimualtion

A

produces fear and anxiety

88
Q

amygdala damage

A

difficulty identifying fear and anger expressions

89
Q

urbach-weithe disease

A

display arousal when started but cannot learn conditioned emotional response

90
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

on top of corpus callosum; role in emotion, attention, cognitive processing, and consciousness

91
Q

right hemisphere controls…

A

negative emotions, sympathetic

92
Q

damage to the right hemisphere…

A

surprisingly cheerful

93
Q

left hemisphere controls…

A

positive emotions, parasympathetic

94
Q

damage to left hemisphere…

A

depression

95
Q

which hemisphere processes emotions better and faster?

A

RIGHT

96
Q

stress

A

unpleasant and disruptive state resulting from the perception of danger or threat

97
Q

stressor

A

source of stress, can be physical or psychological

98
Q

SNS activation does what?

A

increases cathecholamines

99
Q

HPA activation does what?

A

increases cortisol

100
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A
  • increases output from heart

- liberates glucose from muscles for additional energy

101
Q

cortisol

A
  • increases energy by converting proteins to glucose, increasing fat availability, and increasing metabolism
  • increases amount of Ca2+ entering neurons.. too much can be neurotoxic
102
Q

migraine

A

characterized by recurrent headaches, usually accompanied by nausea, vomitting, photophobia, and/or phonophobia

103
Q

vascular theory of headache

A

increased blood flow in brain distends blood vessels, which exert pressure on surrounding tissue

104
Q

migraine generator

A

hypothetical structure that when activated leads to migraines
- raphe nucleus

105
Q

strokes

A

occur when brain’s blood supply is interrupted by bleeding or blockage of blood vessels

106
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding in brain

  • results from high BP (hypertension) or structural defects
  • aneurysms may occur and rupture
107
Q

ischemia

A

blockage of CNS vasculature or low oxygen levels

- 80% of all strokes

108
Q

infract

A

an area of dead neural tissue

109
Q

thrombosis

A

material that blocks blood vessel without moving from it’s point of origin

110
Q

embolism

A

material that passes into smaller and smaller vessels until it forms a blockage

111
Q

low oxygen leads to…

A

excess glutamate release, resulting in NMDA receptor excitotoxcity

112
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

physical damage to brain, causes include traffic accidents, gunshot wounds, falls, etc

113
Q

concussion

A

occur in response to blow to the head resulting in “implosive” force transmitted to brain

114
Q

coup

A

primary impact of concussion, damage to site of blow

115
Q

countercoup

A

secondary impact of concussion, damage to opposite side of impact

116
Q

post-concussion syndrome (PCS)

A

lack of concentration, reduction in processing speed, attention and memory.
side effects: headache, depression, irritability

117
Q

chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI)

A

permanent damage from repeated mild head injuries. resulting in slurred speech, memory impairment, personality changes, lack of coordination, and parkinson’s like syndromes

118
Q

tumor

A

independent growth of new tissue that lacks purpose

119
Q

benign

A

contained within their own membrane

- do NOT metastasize

120
Q

malignant

A

lacks distinct boundaries

121
Q

metastasize

A

shed cells can travel and grow, though very rare in brain tumors

122
Q

gilomas

A

develop in glial cells

123
Q

meningiomas

A

develop in meninges cells

* usually benign

124
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune condition disorder, body’s own immune system attacks CNS

125
Q

seizures

A

uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain correlated with changes in consciousness

126
Q

epilepsy

A

repetitive unprovoked seizures

127
Q

partial seizures

A

may be preceded by an aura or sense that seizure will occur

128
Q

simple partial

A

movement or sensations appropriate to location of seizure

129
Q

complex partial

A

begins in temporal lobes and associated with alternations of consciousness

130
Q

generalized seizure

A

activation of circuits between thalamus and cortex, affects both sides of brain

131
Q

petit mal

A

AKA absence seizure
person losses consciousness and movements limited to blinking, head turns, and eye movement
- lasts ~10 secs
- characterized by EEG patterns

132
Q

grand mal

A

AKA tonic-clonic seizures

  • 10 secs tonic phase: loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, muscular contractions
  • 1 min clonic phase: violent rhythmic convulsions, sweat and salvation
  • 5 min coma phase: transition out of seizures, patient remains unconscious
133
Q

treatment for seizures

A

anti-epileptic drugs (GABA agonists), split brain surgery, ketogenic diet

134
Q

brain infections

A
  • parasites

- bacterial, viral, and fungal

135
Q

neurocyticerosis

A

ingestion of T.solium eggs in contaminated pork products. eggs hatch in stomach then larvae lodge in skins, muscle, eye, and brain. no symptoms until encysted worm dies, up to 5 years later

136
Q

primary encephalitis

A

occurs when virus directly invades CNS

137
Q

secondary encephalitis

A

occurs following viral infection of other parts of the body

- ex: herpes simplex virus

138
Q

west nile virus

A

an encephalitis causing virus that is carried by birds and transmitted to humans via mosquitoes

139
Q

meningitis

A

bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of CNS that produces flu-like symptoms, defined by stiff neck, aversion to bright lights, and drowsiness

140
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

A

a group of progressive conditions that affect CNS of many animals, including humans

141
Q

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is also called..?

A

mad cow disease

142
Q

scrappie is found in?

A

goat and sheep

143
Q

creutzfeildt-jacob disease (CJD)

A

human form of TSE

144
Q

kuru

A

new strand of CJD found in new guinea

145
Q

prions

A

proteins that are unique in their ability to reproduce on their own and become infectious. do NOT contain genetic material but once they infect they can proliferate

146
Q

schizophrenia

A

“split mind”

- disturbance in reason, emotion, perception, and social relation

147
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions and paranoia
  • disorganized speech and behavior
148
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • social and emotional withdrawal

- absence of normal cognition or affect (flat affect, poverty of speech)

149
Q

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • poor “executive functioning”
  • inability to sustain attention
  • problems with working memory
150
Q

diathesis

A

genetic predisposition and vulnerability

151
Q

stress

A

life stressors can trigger disorder

152
Q

abnormalities caused by schizophrenia

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • cellular disorganization
  • hypofrontality
  • decreased hemispherical symmetry
  • adolescent loss of gray matter
  • smaller hippocampus
153
Q

hyopfrontality

A

decreased activation of frontal lobe

- associated with negative symptoms

154
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is caused by excess dopamine

155
Q

problems with dopamine hypothesis

A
  • different time course for speed at which drug blocks receptors (hours) and behavioral effects (weeks)
  • 25% do NOT respond to dopamine antagonists
  • atypical antipsychotic drugs suggest other NT’s involved (serotonin)
156
Q

glutamate hypothesis

A

schizophrenia symptoms may be related to reduced activity of glutamate (particularly NMDA receptors)

157
Q

treatment of schizophrenia

A

typical antipsychotic block dopamine throughout the brain

158
Q

neuroleptics

A

have greater effects on positive than negative symptoms

159
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

act on serotonin and dopamine receptors, can reduce both positive and negative symptoms

160
Q

repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

reduces auditory hallucinations

161
Q

symptoms of major depression disorder (MDD)

A
  • depressed mood for at least 2 weeks
  • loss of pleasure in normally enjoyable activities
  • sleep disturbances
  • eating alterations
  • lack of energy or restlessness
  • difficulty concentrating
  • feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness
  • suicidal thoughts
162
Q

structural abnormalities in MDD

A
  • decreased volume of hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex

- increased amygdala volume

163
Q

functional changes in MDD

A
  • decreased ACC activation

- increased blood flows to PFC and amygdala

164
Q

monoamine theory

A

depression is associated with reduced activity in monoaminergic systems

165
Q

what are the monoamines?

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, epinphrine, and dopamine

166
Q

monoamine oxidase

A

inhibitors block destruction of excess monoamines in the terminals

167
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

block reuptake at synapse

168
Q

second generation antidepressant

A

affect single neurotransmitter

169
Q

prozac

A

one of several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

170
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A
  • used when patient does not respond to medicine

- 70 to 130 volts of electricity to head of anesthetized patient to produce seizure and convulsions

171
Q

bipolar disorder

A

alternates between mania and depression

172
Q

what is bipolar disorder treated with?

A

lithium

173
Q

neurotransmitters in anxiety responses

A

serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA

174
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

most common psychiatric disorder

175
Q

panic attack

A

intense fear or discomfort

- repeated attacks followed by at least one month of worrying about another attack

176
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

characterized by uncontrollable obsessions and compulsions which the sufferer usually recognizes as being excessive or unreasonable

177
Q

obsession

A

reoccurring thoughts or impulses that are intrusive or inappropriate and cause the suffer anxiety

178
Q

compulsion

A

repetitive behaviors or rituals performed by the sufferer. performance of these rituals neutralizes the anxiety caused by the obsessions, though relief is temporary

179
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

recurrent dreams of trauma, flashbacks, hyper-arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma. high levels of vigilance and impairment in daily function

180
Q

lifetime prevalence of PTSD

A

1-10%

181
Q

natural disaster PTSD

A

4-16%

182
Q

war veterans PTSD

A

30%

183
Q

sexual assault victims PTSD

A

50%

184
Q

prisoners of war PTSD

A

50-75%

185
Q

treatment of PTSD

A

medication and/or cognitive behavior treatment- including extinction therapy

186
Q

treatment of OCD

A

SSRI’s in conjunction with behavioral therapy

Psychology 3313 (3 decks)

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