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Psychology 3313 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is developed from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is developed from the telencephalon?

A

isocortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

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3
Q

what are the two branches of the forebrain?

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

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4
Q

what are the two branches of the hindbrain?

A

myelencephalon and metencephalon

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5
Q

what is the myelencephalon?

A

medulla

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6
Q

what is developed from the metencephalon?

A

pons and cerebellum

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7
Q

functions of the medulla?

A

breathing, heart rate, and BP

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8
Q

functions of pons?

A

sleep, arousal, audition, and balance

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9
Q

functions of cerebellum?

A

motor coordination, balance and cognition

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10
Q

function of the thalamus?

A

sensory relay, arousal, consciousness

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11
Q

functions of the hypothalamus?

A

regulatory center, controls pituitary gland, and ANS control

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12
Q

functions of the limbic system?

A

emotional behavior and learning

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13
Q

what is included in the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, and citgulate cortex

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14
Q

function of basal ganglia?

A

control of movement

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15
Q

dorsal half of the midbrain is referred to as?

A

tectum

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16
Q

ventral half of the midbrain is referred to as?

A

tegmentum

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17
Q

function of the superior colliculi?

A

guide eye movement and fixation of gazing

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18
Q

function of the inferior colliculi?

A

locate direction of sounds

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19
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

dense band that links both hemispheres

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20
Q

what is the encephalization quotient?

A

ratio of brain to body size

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21
Q

where/what is Broca’s area?

A

located in the frontal lobe, vital for speech formation

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22
Q

where is the motor homunculus?

A

precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)

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23
Q

where is the sensory homunculus?

A

postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)

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24
Q

nerves by electricity where discovered by who?

A

luigi galvani and emil du bois-reymond

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25
Q

nissl stain

A

to view cell bodies of neurons

ex: crystal violet

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26
Q

golgi stain

A

to view single cells, darkly stains full neurons

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27
Q

myelin stain

A

stains myelin that wraps around and insulates axons, identifies neural pathways. very hard to find and individual neuron

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28
Q

what is stereotaxic surgery?

A

used to localize problems in brain by using one spot on the skull to pinpoint the 3D location of the problem.
used for lesions

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29
Q

what are meninges and the 3 layers?

A

layers of membrane that surround the nervous system

  • dura mater
  • arachnoid membrane
  • pia mater
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30
Q

what is CSF?

A

cerebral spinal fluid, moves self-contained and separate circulation from the blood supply

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31
Q

where is CSF found?

A

in the ventricles, made by choroid plexus

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32
Q

what is parasympathetic? what does it do?

A 
"rest and digest"
calms the body to conserve and maintain energy
releases ACETYLCHOLINE 
decreases heart rate and BP
stimulates digestion
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33
Q

what is sympathetic? what does it do?

A

“fight or flight”
releases ADRENALINE and NOREPINEPHRINE
increases heart rate, BP, and blood flow to skeletal muscles
inhibits digestion

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34
Q

what is the flow of info in a neuron?

A

dendrites - cell body - axon

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35
Q

what is a sensory neuron?

A

carries info from the body to the brain and spinal cord.

AFFERENT

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36
Q

what is an interneuron?

A

connects one neuron to another in the brain or spinal cord

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37
Q

what is a motor neuron?

A

carries info from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs

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38
Q

what are glia cells?

A

non-neural cells that provide physical and functional support to neurons

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39
Q

what are the 3 types of glia cells?

A

astrocytes, obligodendtocytes, schwann cells, and micro glia

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40
Q

what is the function of astrocytes?

A 
structural and nutritional support 
isolation of synapse
clean up debris 
blood-brain barrier 
possible roles in signaling
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41
Q

what is the function of obligodendrocytes?

A

myelination of axons in the CNS

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42
Q

what is the function of schwann cells?

A

myelination of axons in the PNS

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43
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

clean up debris

*release substances that can lead to neuroinflammation

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44
Q

what are the ingredients of the intra/extracelluar fluid?

A 
water (H20)
potassium (K+)
sodium (Na+)
calcium (Ca2+)
chloride (Cl-)
protein anions (A-)
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45
Q

is the concentration of Na+ higher on the inside or outside of the neuron? so, which way does the gradient flow?

A

outside, so it flows from outside to inside

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46
Q

what direction is the electrical flow of Na+?

A

outside to inside

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47
Q

is the concentration of K+ higher on the inside or outside of the neuron? so, which way does the gradient flow?

A

inside, so it flows from inside to outside

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48
Q

what direction is the electrical flow of K+?

A

outside to inside

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49
Q

what is resting membrane potential?

A

when the concentration of K+ is equal on the outside and inside of the neuron
usually -70mV

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50
Q

what is action potential (AP)?

A

a method by which neurons communicate

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51
Q

when does AP fire?

A

when the axon hillock region is MORE POSTIVE or depolarized

usually around -65 mV

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52
Q

what is the threshold?

A

usually -65 mV

once the axon hillock region reaches this, channels automatically open and AP is fired.

53
Q

what are the three phases of AP?

A

rising
overshoot
falling

54
Q

what happens in the rising phase?

A

Na+ enters the neuron

depolarization

55
Q

what happens in the overshoot phase?

A

neuron is now positive on the inside relative to the outside

56
Q

what happens in the falling phase?

A

K+ exits the neuron

hyperpolarization

57
Q

what is depolarization?

A

making the neuron more positive

58
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

making the cell more negative

59
Q

what voltage gate channels are involved in AP?

A

Na+ : opens when the AP is depolarized and opens immediately

K+ : opens when AP is hyper polarized and opening is slightly delayed

60
Q

what is responsible for AP initiation and propagation?

A

rapid opening and closing of channels

61
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier?

A

bare space of axon membrane where ions move through channels

62
Q

what is an absolute refractory period?

A

neuron can NOT fire again until membrane potential is hyperpolarized, reopening Na+ channels

63
Q

what is a relative refractory period?

A

neuron can fire again with strong stimulus. membrane potential becomes hyperpolarized

64
Q

what are the steps of synaptic transmission?

A
  1. AP reaches axon terminal
  2. Ca2+ ion channels open, allowing Ca2+ ions in
  3. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release from microtubules
  4. synaptic vesicles fuse with axon membrane at release sites
  5. vesicles open, releasing neurotransmitters into synaptic gap
  6. vesicle material is recycled
  7. vesicle can either return to neuron via retrograde transport OR are refilled at axon terminal
65
Q

what is a voltage gated receptor?

A

activated based on changes in membrane potential

66
Q

what is a ligand gated receptor?

A

activated by the binding of specific molecule OR neurotransmitter

67
Q

what is an electrical synapse?

A

usually found at gap junctions where speed is key and can ONLY be excitatory

68
Q

what are the characteristics of electrical synapse?

A

fast transmission
bi-directional
usually do NOT occur at axon terminal

69
Q

what is responsible for vesicle fusion and transmitter release?

A

Ca2+

70
Q

what is an auto receptor?

A

a presynaptic receptor that regulates the synthesis and release of NTs usually inhibitory

71
Q

what is ionotropic?

A

opens channels directly
relatively fast acting
relatively short lasting
effects are localized

72
Q

what is metabotropic?

A 
opens channels indirectly 
uses chemicals called secondary messengers 
relatively slow acting
relatively long lasting 
effects are widespread and varied
73
Q

what is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A

opens Na+ channels
depolarizes dendrites and cell body
facilitates likelihood of AP

74
Q

what is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

A

opens K+ or Cl- channels
hyperpolarizes dendrites and cell body
decreases the likelihood of AP

75
Q

what is synaptic integration?

A

combining a number of individual signals into ONE overall signal

76
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

occurs over time allowing AP to build

77
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

occurs over space combining all EPSP and IPSP occurring at different locations on the dendrites and cell body

78
Q

what is presynaptic facilitation?

A

increases the amount of NT released by postsynaptic terminal button

79
Q

what is presynaptic inhibition?

A

decreases the amount of NT released by postsynaptic terminal button

80
Q

what is the life cycle of a NT?

A

synthesis from precursor chemicals
storage into synaptic vesicles
release via exocytosis from presynaptic terminal
- triggered by AP and opening of Ca2+ channel
- modulated by presynaptic facilitation or inhibition
receptor binding
- can be ionotropic or metabotropic
deactivation
- can be by diffusion, reuptake, or enzyme degradation

81
Q

what are the three ways NTs can be deactivated?

A

diffusion, reuptake, or enzyme degradation

82
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

communicate locally across the synapse

83
Q

what is a neuromodulator?

A

communicate with target cells more distant than the synapse by diffusing away from point of release

84
Q

what is a neurohormone?

A

communicate with target cells at great distances, often by traveling through circulation

85
Q

what is the acetylcholine IONOTROPIC receptor? what does it do? where is it found?

A

nicotin receptor
gates Na+
excitatory
found in neuromuscular junction in the ANS

86
Q

what is the acetycholine METABOTROPIC receptor? what does it do? where is it found?

A

muscarnic receptor
can be excitatory or inhibitory
found in the brain

87
Q

function and parts of cholinergic system?

A

functions: attention, learning and memory
parts: basal forebrain, cholinergic nuclei of pons and midbrain

88
Q

dopamine

A

metabotropic

can be excitatory or inhibitory

89
Q

parts of dopaminergic system?

A

frontal lobe
basal ganglia
limbic system

90
Q

what are the three systems of dopaminergic neurons?

A

mesolimbic
mesocortical
nigrostriatal

91
Q

what is the mesolimbic system?

A

projections from the ventral segmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and amygdala
function: reward
implicated in: addiction

92
Q

what is the mesocortical system?

A

projections from the VTA to the prefrontal cortex
function: planning and problem solving
implicated in: schizophrenia

93
Q

what is nigrostriatal system?

A

projections from substantia nigra to basal ganglia
function: control of movement
implicated in: parkinson’s disease

94
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A

metabotropic

can be excitatory or inhibitory

95
Q

functions and parts of serotonergic system?

A

functions: sleep, arousal, mood, and appetite
parts: raphe nuclei

96
Q

what is the principle EXCITATORY transmitter in the CNS?

A

glutamate

97
Q

what is the principle INHIBITORY transmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

98
Q

glutamate

A

ionotropic receptors: AMPA and NMDA

can also have metabotropic receptors

99
Q

what does AMPA receptor do?

A

gates Na+

excitatory

100
Q

what does NDMA receptor do?

A

unique bc it requires BOTH ligand binding and membrane depolarization

101
Q

nitric oxide

A

diffuses through membrane independent of vesicles

retrograde transmitter influencing presynaptic neuron release

102
Q

pituitary peptides are responsible for?

A

maternal care and bonding

ex: oxytocin

103
Q

opioid peptides are responsible for?

A

reducing pain, and process feelings of well being (runner’s high)
ex: beta-endrophinin

104
Q

what is an agonist?

A

mimics or enhances the effect of a NT

105
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

blocks or decreases the effects of a NT

106
Q

agonist drug effects

A 
increase synthesis 
promote release 
block reuptake or degradation 
block presynaptic auto receptors
 activate postsynaptic receptors
107
Q

antagonist drug effects

A 
decrease synthesis
prevent storage 
block release 
activate presynaptic autoreceptors
block postsynaptic receptors
108
Q

what is a psychoactive drug?

A

any drug with psychological effects and passes through the blood brain barrier to directly affect the brain
can be abusive or therapeutic

109
Q

APOE SNP predicts a persons risk of ______

A

alzheimers

110
Q

when does a zygote become an embryo?

A

after 2 weeks

111
Q

when does an embryo become a fetus?

A

after 10 weeks

112
Q

ectoderm gives rise to what?

A

nervous system
skin
hair

113
Q

mesoderm gives rise to what?

A

connective tissue
muscle
bone
blood vessels

114
Q

endoderm gives rise to what?

A

internal organs

115
Q

what are the stages of neurodevelopment?

A
  1. cell proliferation
    - neurogenesis and gliogenesis
  2. migration
  3. differentiation
  4. circuit formation
    - axon growth and synaptogenesis
  5. apoptosis
  6. refinement of connections
    - synaptic pruning and rearrangement
116
Q

embryonic cells are…

A

totipotent

117
Q

neural cell are…

A

pluripotent

118
Q

neural progenitor cells are..

A

unipotent or oligopotent

119
Q

what is radial glia?

A

special glia that radiate from the ventricular layer to the outer edge of cerebral cortex, serving as a pathway for migrating neurons

120
Q

what is fasciculation?

A

axons growing in the same direction sticking together via cell adhesion molecules

121
Q

what does the neural tube differentiate into?

A

rostral-caudal

dorsal-ventral

122
Q

what is the neurotrophin released to prevent cell death via postsynaptic terminal?

A

neuron growth factor (NGF)

123
Q

reticularist doctrine

A

by: GOLGI

no individual cells they are all an interconnected web

124
Q

neuron doctrine

A

by: CAJAL

yes there are individual cells and they are the basis of function

125
Q

passive conduction

A

axon that has no myelin

126
Q

salutory conduction

A

jumps from node to node and is much quicker

127
Q

who is associated with spinal reflexes?

A

francois magendle

charles bell

128
Q

who is associated with phrenology?

A

franz josef gall

johann carper spurzheim

129
Q

who is associated with localization of function?

A

fritsch and hitzig

Psychology 3313 (3 decks)

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