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Bio 1010 > EXAM 3 2-1 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 2-1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

“Steady state,” The process of maintaining internal balance

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2
Q

List 2 responses of the body if body temperature if it is too hot.

A

Sweat and Blood vessels in skin dilate.

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3
Q

List 2 responses of the body if body temperature if it is too cold.

A

Shivering and Blood vessels in skin constrict.

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4
Q

What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too high?

A

The pancreas releases insulin.

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5
Q

What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too low?

A

Releases more glucagon.

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6
Q

What is meant by “set point”?

A

The “normal” range in homeostasis.

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7
Q

What are two examples of positive feedback control in humans?

A

Childbirth, and an increase in blood clotting.

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8
Q

List the 3 main parts of the human cardiovascular system (anatomy).

A

– Blood
– Blood vessels (plumbing)
– Heart (pump)

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9
Q

What are the two main functions of the human cardiovascular system (physiology)?

A

Transport of materials: exchanging nutrients for waste products.

Regulation of body temperature: Peripheral blood vessels dilate when you are hot (to release heat) and constrict when you are cold (to conserve heat).

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10
Q

What are the 2 main parts of blood?

A
  • Plasma: 55% of blood
  • Cells: 2 or 3 types (all are made in bone marrow)
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11
Q

What things are dissolved in plasma (what does it carry)?

A

Water + solutes (gases, nutrients, proteins, ions, wastes)

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12
Q

What are two types of cells in blood? Which one is more common?

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes): 5 million/mm3 (MORE COMMON)
  • White blood cells (5 types of leukocytes): 10,000/mm 3 +1: platelets (thrombocytes): 300,000/mm3 (cell fragments)
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13
Q

What goes wrong in anemia? What goes wrong in sickle cell disease?

A
  • Anemia is caused by abnormally low hemoglobin or too few red blood cells -> feel tired and run down and are often susceptible to infections
  • Sickle cell disease causes organ damage. When sickle cells move through small blood vessels, they can get stuck. They can block blood flow and cause pain.
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14
Q

What is the protein in red blood cells that oxygen binds to?

A

hemoglobin

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15
Q

What is the function of platelets? The function of white blood cells? The function of red blood
cells?

A

Platelets - Part of a complicated process that leads to blood clotting (wound healing)

White blood cells - strengthen the defense mechanism of the body by generating antibodies

Red blood cells - carry oxygen to the tissues in different parts of the body.

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16
Q

What are erythrocytes? What are leukocytes?

A
  • ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) carry oxygen from the lungs to all of the body’s tissues O2 binds to the protein hemoglobin (Hb) – RBCs have no nucleus cells are replaced every 3-4 months (recycled in spleen)

– LEUKOCYTES (WBCs): all 5 types are involved in the body’s defense from pathogens and foreign substances, as part of the immune system

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17
Q

Discuss the difference in anatomy (structure) between arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

– Arteries: thick muscular walls

– Veins: less muscle, but one-way valves (to keep
blood from flowing backwards)

– Capillaries: very thin walls (only 1 cell thick);
capillaries connect arteries to veins

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18
Q

Discuss the difference in physiology (function) between arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

– Arteries always carry blood AWAY FROM the heart,
usually (but not always) it is oxygen-rich blood

– Veins always carry blood TOWARDS the heart,
usually (but not always) it is oxygen-poor blood

– Capillaries are where the exchange of gases (O2
and CO2) occurs, both in the lungs and in the
body’s tissues – also exchange of nutrients,
because the walls are so thin

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19
Q

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (what is being measured)?

A

– Systolic BP occurs immediately after the heart
beats, pushing blood out (larger number)

– Diastolic BP occurs when the heart is refilling
(smaller number)

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20
Q

What are the numbers for normal blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)? What are the numbers for
hypertension?

A

Normal blood pressure is 120/80 or less:
- Hypertension (high blood pressure) is when
either systolic > 140 or diastolic > 90 mm Hg

21
Q

What are the 3 main types of parts of the lymphatic system?

A

– lymphatic vessels (plumbing)
– lymph (fluid)
– lymph nodes (filters/ checkpoints)
– lymph organs (thymus, tonsils, spleen, appendix)

22
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the lymphatic system (related to the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • Recover excess fluid that has leaked from the
    capillaries of the cardiovascular system, and return it
    on a one-way trip (no circulation) to major veins
    near the heart
  • Filtration: on its way, this fluid (lymph) is filtered at
    various stations (nodes and organs) – pathogenic
    organisms are trapped and destroyed by leukocytes
23
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • Left and right atrium (upper chambers).
  • Left and right ventricle (lower chambers).
24
Q

In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood oxygenated?

A

Your lungs

25
Q

In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood deoxygenated?

A

The right upper chamber (atrium)

26
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the biggest muscle (and why)?

A

Left ventricle
- The left ventricle is responsible for pumping the blood towards the tissues of the heart.

27
Q

What is the purpose (and location) of the four valves in the heart?

A
  • one at the exit of each of the four chambers.
  • move blood from the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) to the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles)
28
Q

What are these: aorta, vena cava, SA node, AV node?

A
  • Aorta: carries blood from the heart to the body’s
    tissues
  • Vena cava: carries blood back to the heart from the
    body’s tissues
  • SA node: the “pacemaker”
  • AV node: stimulated by the SA node
29
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries
- Build-up of fats and cholesterol in arteries, causing them to become narrow and rigid
- Leads to inflammation and abnormal blood clots
(thrombus)

30
Q

What is the difference between myocardial infarction and stroke?

A

These blood clots can break free and travel
* If stuck in heart muscle -> myocardial infarction (heart attack)
* If stuck in brain -> stroke

31
Q

List 4 ways to prevent heart disease.

A
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Don’t smoke
  • Take your (prescription) medications
32
Q

What are two basic differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity - barrier defenses and internal
defenses
* Non-specific; rapid response

Adaptive immunity - Specific; slower response (have to “adapt”)

33
Q

List two external physical barriers that that are part of the innate immune system.

A
  • EXTERNAL skin: the body’s first line of defense
  • MUCOUS MEMBRANES (internal)
34
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance
35
Q

How are macrophages and natural killer cells involved in innate immunity?

A
  • Macrophages provide a first line of defense in the innate immune response to pathogens.
  • NK cells can attack any cell that’s a perceived threat.
    (Responds quicker than T-cells)
36
Q

How is histamine involved in the inflammatory response?

A

Injury or infection -> release of histamine by
mast cells
– Histamine causes capillaries in the area to dilate

37
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Heat
  • Swelling
38
Q

What does it mean when we say that adaptive immunity has a memory?

A

-Responds to future exposures to the same pathogen much faster

39
Q

How are humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity different, in terms of their targets?

A

Humoral immunity - produces extracellular antigens (not inside our cells) -> B lymphocyte clone

Cell-mediated immunity - Cells are the targets: bacteria, your infected cells, your cancer cells are recognized as dangerous

40
Q

What are the two types of B lymphocytes that are involved in humoral immunity?

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

41
Q

What are antibodies, and what type of cell produces them?

A

a specific protein made by B plasma cells in response to a specific antigen

42
Q

What are the four types of T lymphocytes that are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A
  1. Killer T cells to attack the enemy cells
  2. Helper T cells to coordinate the defense (also help B
    lymphocytes)
  3. Memory T cells to respond quickly to future attacks
    (again, immune to that invader)
  4. Regulatory T cells to turn off the response (we won!)
43
Q

List the functions of those four types of T lymphocytes.

A
  1. Killer T cells to attack the enemy cells
  2. Helper T cells to coordinate the defense (also help B
    lymphocytes)
  3. Memory T cells to respond quickly to future attacks
    (again, immune to that invader)
  4. Regulatory T cells to turn off the response (we won!)
44
Q

How does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immunodeficiency?

A

HIV disables the immune system

45
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

People can be exposed to a weak or
inactivated pathogen (or even just a fragment)

– This carries the same antigen as a dangerous
the pathogen, but does not cause infection

– The immune system (adapts) responds the same, and so we are protected against future exposures

46
Q

How are the surfaces of the red blood cells different in these four blood types: A, B, AB, and O?

A

– People with type A blood have “A” antigens on their
RBCs
– People with type B blood have “B” antigens on their
RBCs
– People with type AB blood have both “A” and “B”
antigens on their RBCs
– People with type O blood have neither “A” nor “B”
antigens on their RBCs

47
Q

Why does someone with type O blood have trouble receiving a transfusion of any other type of
blood?

A

Because your immune system would immediately identify the new blood cells as foreign and seek to destroy them.

48
Q

What goes wrong in autoimmune diseases?

A

Your immune system fails to recognize your own
tissues as friendly Type 1 diabetes, lupus

49
Q

What goes wrong in allergies?

A

An over-response of the immune system to an antigen that is not a real threat To foods, antibiotics, pollen

Bio 1010 (7 decks)

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