Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1010 > EXAM 3 2-1 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 2-1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

“Steady state,” The process of maintaining internal balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List 2 responses of the body if body temperature if it is too hot.

A

Sweat and Blood vessels in skin dilate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List 2 responses of the body if body temperature if it is too cold.

A

Shivering and Blood vessels in skin constrict.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too high?

A

The pancreas releases insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too low?

A

Releases more glucagon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is meant by “set point”?

A

The “normal” range in homeostasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are two examples of positive feedback control in humans?

A

Childbirth, and an increase in blood clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the 3 main parts of the human cardiovascular system (anatomy).

A

– Blood
– Blood vessels (plumbing)
– Heart (pump)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two main functions of the human cardiovascular system (physiology)?

A

Transport of materials: exchanging nutrients for waste products.

Regulation of body temperature: Peripheral blood vessels dilate when you are hot (to release heat) and constrict when you are cold (to conserve heat).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 main parts of blood?

A
  • Plasma: 55% of blood
  • Cells: 2 or 3 types (all are made in bone marrow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What things are dissolved in plasma (what does it carry)?

A

Water + solutes (gases, nutrients, proteins, ions, wastes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two types of cells in blood? Which one is more common?

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes): 5 million/mm3 (MORE COMMON)
  • White blood cells (5 types of leukocytes): 10,000/mm 3 +1: platelets (thrombocytes): 300,000/mm3 (cell fragments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What goes wrong in anemia? What goes wrong in sickle cell disease?

A
  • Anemia is caused by abnormally low hemoglobin or too few red blood cells -> feel tired and run down and are often susceptible to infections
  • Sickle cell disease causes organ damage. When sickle cells move through small blood vessels, they can get stuck. They can block blood flow and cause pain.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the protein in red blood cells that oxygen binds to?

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of platelets? The function of white blood cells? The function of red blood
cells?

A

Platelets - Part of a complicated process that leads to blood clotting (wound healing)

White blood cells - strengthen the defense mechanism of the body by generating antibodies

Red blood cells - carry oxygen to the tissues in different parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are erythrocytes? What are leukocytes?

A
  • ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) carry oxygen from the lungs to all of the body’s tissues O2 binds to the protein hemoglobin (Hb) – RBCs have no nucleus cells are replaced every 3-4 months (recycled in spleen)

– LEUKOCYTES (WBCs): all 5 types are involved in the body’s defense from pathogens and foreign substances, as part of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Discuss the difference in anatomy (structure) between arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

– Arteries: thick muscular walls

– Veins: less muscle, but one-way valves (to keep
blood from flowing backwards)

– Capillaries: very thin walls (only 1 cell thick);
capillaries connect arteries to veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Discuss the difference in physiology (function) between arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

– Arteries always carry blood AWAY FROM the heart,
usually (but not always) it is oxygen-rich blood

– Veins always carry blood TOWARDS the heart,
usually (but not always) it is oxygen-poor blood

– Capillaries are where the exchange of gases (O2
and CO2) occurs, both in the lungs and in the
body’s tissues – also exchange of nutrients,
because the walls are so thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (what is being measured)?

A

– Systolic BP occurs immediately after the heart
beats, pushing blood out (larger number)

– Diastolic BP occurs when the heart is refilling
(smaller number)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the numbers for normal blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)? What are the numbers for
hypertension?

A

Normal blood pressure is 120/80 or less:
- Hypertension (high blood pressure) is when
either systolic > 140 or diastolic > 90 mm Hg

21
Q

What are the 3 main types of parts of the lymphatic system?

A

– lymphatic vessels (plumbing)
– lymph (fluid)
– lymph nodes (filters/ checkpoints)
– lymph organs (thymus, tonsils, spleen, appendix)

22
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the lymphatic system (related to the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • Recover excess fluid that has leaked from the
    capillaries of the cardiovascular system, and return it
    on a one-way trip (no circulation) to major veins
    near the heart
  • Filtration: on its way, this fluid (lymph) is filtered at
    various stations (nodes and organs) – pathogenic
    organisms are trapped and destroyed by leukocytes
23
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  • Left and right atrium (upper chambers).
  • Left and right ventricle (lower chambers).
24
Q

In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood oxygenated?

A

Your lungs

25
Q

In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood deoxygenated?

A

The right upper chamber (atrium)

26
Q

Which chamber of the heart has the biggest muscle (and why)?

A

Left ventricle
- The left ventricle is responsible for pumping the blood towards the tissues of the heart.

27
Q

What is the purpose (and location) of the four valves in the heart?

A
  • one at the exit of each of the four chambers.
  • move blood from the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) to the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles)
28
Q

What are these: aorta, vena cava, SA node, AV node?

A
  • Aorta: carries blood from the heart to the body’s
    tissues
  • Vena cava: carries blood back to the heart from the
    body’s tissues
  • SA node: the “pacemaker”
  • AV node: stimulated by the SA node
29
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries
- Build-up of fats and cholesterol in arteries, causing them to become narrow and rigid
- Leads to inflammation and abnormal blood clots
(thrombus)

30
Q

What is the difference between myocardial infarction and stroke?

A

These blood clots can break free and travel
* If stuck in heart muscle -> myocardial infarction (heart attack)
* If stuck in brain -> stroke

31
Q

List 4 ways to prevent heart disease.

A
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Don’t smoke
  • Take your (prescription) medications
32
Q

What are two basic differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity - barrier defenses and internal
defenses
* Non-specific; rapid response

Adaptive immunity - Specific; slower response (have to “adapt”)

33
Q

List two external physical barriers that that are part of the innate immune system.

A
  • EXTERNAL skin: the body’s first line of defense
  • MUCOUS MEMBRANES (internal)
34
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance
35
Q

How are macrophages and natural killer cells involved in innate immunity?

A
  • Macrophages provide a first line of defense in the innate immune response to pathogens.
  • NK cells can attack any cell that’s a perceived threat.
    (Responds quicker than T-cells)
36
Q

How is histamine involved in the inflammatory response?

A

Injury or infection -> release of histamine by
mast cells
– Histamine causes capillaries in the area to dilate

37
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Heat
  • Swelling
38
Q

What does it mean when we say that adaptive immunity has a memory?

A

-Responds to future exposures to the same pathogen much faster

39
Q

How are humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity different, in terms of their targets?

A

Humoral immunity - produces extracellular antigens (not inside our cells) -> B lymphocyte clone

Cell-mediated immunity - Cells are the targets: bacteria, your infected cells, your cancer cells are recognized as dangerous

40
Q

What are the two types of B lymphocytes that are involved in humoral immunity?

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

41
Q

What are antibodies, and what type of cell produces them?

A

a specific protein made by B plasma cells in response to a specific antigen

42
Q

What are the four types of T lymphocytes that are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A
  1. Killer T cells to attack the enemy cells
  2. Helper T cells to coordinate the defense (also help B
    lymphocytes)
  3. Memory T cells to respond quickly to future attacks
    (again, immune to that invader)
  4. Regulatory T cells to turn off the response (we won!)
43
Q

List the functions of those four types of T lymphocytes.

A
  1. Killer T cells to attack the enemy cells
  2. Helper T cells to coordinate the defense (also help B
    lymphocytes)
  3. Memory T cells to respond quickly to future attacks
    (again, immune to that invader)
  4. Regulatory T cells to turn off the response (we won!)
44
Q

How does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immunodeficiency?

A

HIV disables the immune system

45
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

People can be exposed to a weak or
inactivated pathogen (or even just a fragment)

– This carries the same antigen as a dangerous
the pathogen, but does not cause infection

– The immune system (adapts) responds the same, and so we are protected against future exposures

46
Q

How are the surfaces of the red blood cells different in these four blood types: A, B, AB, and O?

A

– People with type A blood have “A” antigens on their
RBCs
– People with type B blood have “B” antigens on their
RBCs
– People with type AB blood have both “A” and “B”
antigens on their RBCs
– People with type O blood have neither “A” nor “B”
antigens on their RBCs

47
Q

Why does someone with type O blood have trouble receiving a transfusion of any other type of
blood?

A

Because your immune system would immediately identify the new blood cells as foreign and seek to destroy them.

48
Q

What goes wrong in autoimmune diseases?

A

Your immune system fails to recognize your own
tissues as friendly Type 1 diabetes, lupus

49
Q

What goes wrong in allergies?

A

An over-response of the immune system to an antigen that is not a real threat To foods, antibiotics, pollen

Bio 1010 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions