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Bio 1010 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

a major idea that has been supported by lots of evidence, over a long period of time, without ever being contradicted

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2
Q

What is science?

A

(a process)- a way of learning about the world around us.

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3
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of all living things?

A
  1. organization
  2. process energy
  3. growth and development
  4. reproduce
  5. respond the the environment
  6. homeostasis
  7. evolve
  8. need water
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4
Q
  • [ ] Define homeostasis and metabolism. (NEED THE OTHER SLIDES)
A

Homeostasis refers to the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in external conditions.
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions within the cells of living organisms.

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5
Q

Define ecology

A

ecology- the study of the interactions between organisms, and with their environment.

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6
Q

Define biosphere

A

biosphere- the entire planet Earth, and all of the organisms that inhabit it

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7
Q

Define ecosystem

A

ecosystem- all of the living things in a certain area, plus the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts (biotic & abiotic)

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8
Q

What is the difference between the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem?

A
  • biotic are living organisms
  • abiotic are non-living organisms
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9
Q

Give two examples of abiotic components.

A
  • water
  • sunlight
  • soil
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10
Q

Define community

A

community - all of the living organisms in a particular area are called the biological.

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11
Q

Define population (in biology).

A

population - all of the members of one species, or type of organism, that are living in one particular place

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12
Q

What do we mean by trophic levels?

A

“Trophic” refers to eating, or deriving nutrients. step in a nutritive series, or food chain, of an ecosystem.

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13
Q

Place these trophic levels in the proper order (from the bottom up): primary consumer; producer; secondary consumer; tertiary consumer

A
  1. tertiary consumer
  2. secondary consumer
  3. primary consumer
  4. producer
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14
Q

Explain the difference between the four “-vores”: carnivore, detrivore, herbivore, omnivore.

A

Secondary/Tertiary consumers - carnivores
Primary consumers - herbivores
Consumers (Plants/Animals) - omnivores.
Consume dead organisms - detritivores.

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15
Q

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Where do most autotrophs get their energy from?

A

Producers - autotrophs (self-feeding.) Get most of their energy from the sun

Consumers - heterotrophs (eat other organisms.) other feeding

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16
Q

Why is a food web a better representation of the relationships in an ecosystem than a food chain?

A

In a food chain, each organism eats in order, where in food webs consumers eat more than one prey, and organisms are eaten by more than one kind of predator.

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17
Q

Once energy is stored in a producer, there are four “destinations” for that energy. What are those four destinations?

A
  1. used for the produces.
  2. transferred to consumers.
  3. transferred to detritivores.
  4. Given off as heat.
18
Q

What is the 10 percent rule, in an ecosystem?

A

Producers end up being transferred “10%” to Primary Consumers, and the same for Secondary and Tertiary consumers.

19
Q

What is the basic formula for photosynthesis? (What goes in, and what comes out?)

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide + Water –> Sugar + Oxygen.

20
Q

Why is photosynthesis so important for all of life on Earth? (two reasons)

A

Glucose - all of life transforms into usable energy and the building blocks of life.
Oxygen -most living things need it/ transform glucose into usable energy.
that’s why we breathe.

21
Q

What is the basic formula for cellular respiration? (What goes in, and what comes out?)

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O, the formula is photosynthesis backwards. (mitochondria)
plus a lot of ATP/energy

  • what happens in almost every cell on Earth to transfer the chemical energy stored in glucose.
22
Q

What is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration?Which one is much more efficient?

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration- Requires oxygen. Occurs in the mitochondria of cells. 30 ATP

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration-
Does not require oxygen. Occurs in the cytoplasm. 2 ATP

Aerobic respiration is much more efficient, producing significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

23
Q

What is bioaccumulation, and why is it a problem?

A

The increase in the concentration of toxic substances as they move up a food chain. Extremely toxic

24
Q

What are the four “reservoirs” of carbon on our planet? Which of these involve slow pathways
(slow change), and which are fast?

A

Atmosphere/living organisms - fast pathways

Oceans/ground - slow pathways

25
Q

How have humans changed the way carbon cycles on Earth in the past 200 years? (two ways)

A
  • Through agriculture. (tree cutting/decreasing photosynthesis)
  • Through industrialization and transportation. (burning fossil fuels)
26
Q

Give three examples of fossil fuels.

A
  1. Petroleum (gasoline)
  2. Coal
  3. Natural gas
27
Q

How has the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere changed in the past 200 years? And what
effect does an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere have on global temperatures?

A

Changed the balance of carbon:
– Burning fossil fuels results in the release of CO2 into the atmosphere
– The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been increasing steadily because of human activity.

28
Q

Why is it important that our atmosphere has some greenhouse gases? Why is it bad for the atmosphere to have too much greenhouse gases

A

Keep our climate warm
- Too many greenhouse gases can cause global warming, climate change, and more.

29
Q

List three major effects of an increase in average temperature of the Earth.tch

A
  • More Extreme Weather Events
  • Rising Sea Levels
  • Disruption of Ecosystems
30
Q

Thinking about the two ways that humans have changed carbon cycling in the past 200 years,
what are two basic ways for humans to reduce the effects of global warming?

A
  1. replant forest
  2. switch energy sources (other than fossil fuels.
31
Q

List three examples of alternative energy sources (alternatives to fossil fuels)

A
  • Solar energy
  • Wind energy
  • Hydroelectric power (dams)
  • Nuclear power
32
Q

What is meant by renewable and nonrenewable resources? (Give two examples of each.)

A
  • Renewable resources: replaced fairly quickly by natural means.
    wind energy, sun
  • Nonrenewable resources: are not replaced, or only very slowly.
    fossil fuels, minerals
33
Q

What is meant by “ecological footprint”?

A

the amount of land and water area needed to produce all of the resources that we consume, and to absorb all of the wastes that we generate.

34
Q

Discuss the two types of population growth curves. (What do their graphs look like? And what kind of population growth is occurring in each?)

A

J curve - No limits to growth, population will grow exponentially.
S curve - Exponential growth is not sustainable, there always are limits to growth. logistic growth

35
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

K - The maximum population that can be supported in an ecosystem (for any species).

36
Q

Which type of growth curve normally occurs in nature? Why is this?

A

S-shaped curve - because nature isn’t always sustainable.

37
Q

What four factors have allowed humans to have an exponential (J-shaped) population growth curve?

A
  1. Expand into new habitats.
  2. Increase the agricultural productivity of land.
  3. We learn (technology), and can pass this learning on to our children.
  4. Solve the problems usually associated with high-density living.
38
Q

What is total fertility rate? At about what total fertility rate does population stop growing?

A

This is the average number of children per woman (in a
particular area or country) 2.1

39
Q

What do population pyramids show us?

A

Show the percentage of population in a country, by age brackets.

40
Q

What is the shape of the population pyramid for a country whose population size is growing
rapidly? What is the shape for a country whose population is not growing at all?

A
  • triangular or pyramid shape, with a wide base and narrow top.
  • barrel shape.

Bio 1010 (5 decks)

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