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Bio 1010 > EXAM 2 2-3:2-4 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 2-3:2-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the eight functions of proteins that we talked about in class.

A
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • transport
  • structural
  • hormones
  • movement
  • receptors
  • structural
  • motor
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2
Q

An _____________________ is a protein that makes a biochemical reaction happen much faster
in a cell.

A
  • enzyme
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3
Q

There are eight essential amino acids for humans. Why are they are called “essential”?

A
  • they must be included in our diet
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4
Q

A ______________________ is a protein (or a steroid lipid) that acts as a chemical messenger in living organisms. It transmits a message from one part of the body to another.

A
  • hormone
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5
Q

The monomer that is used to build proteins is called an _______________________; the general
term for a protein polymer is a _________________________.

A
  • amino acids
  • polypeptide
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6
Q

The proper functioning of a protein is very much dependent on its _____________________. If
you change pretty much anything about a protein’s _____________________, you will change
its function.

A
  • structure
  • 4 levels
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7
Q

The maximum number of _ that we should consume per day depends
on our age, gender, height, weight, activity level, and whether we wish to lose, gain, or maintain
weight.

A
  • calories
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8
Q

By definition, someone is obese if their body mass index (BMI) is ____________.

A

> 30
(above 30)

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9
Q

Body mass index can be calculated using our _________________ and our ________________.

A
  • mass (weight)
  • height
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10
Q

The general term for the monomer in nucleic acids is a ___________________________, and
the general term for the polymer in nucleic acids is a ________________________________.

A
  • nucleotide
  • polynucleotide
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11
Q

Each nucleotide has three parts: _____________________, __________________________, and
______________________________

A
  • 5-carbon sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogen base
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12
Q

The four nitrogen bases found in DNA are ______, _____, _____, and _____. (Letters are ok.)

A

a, c, g, t

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13
Q

The four nitrogen bases found in RNA are ______, _____, _____, and _____. (Letters are ok.)

A

a, c, g, u

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14
Q

In the DNA “spiral staircase”, the steps are formed by pairs of nucleotides. _____ always pairs
with _____, and _____ always pairs with _____.

A
  • a
  • t
  • g
  • c
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15
Q

Almost all of a cell’s DNA is found in the central nucleus, on pairs of threadlike structures called
_________________________________. A _______________ is a section of one of these
threadlike structures that has the instructions for making one protein (sort of).

A
  • chromosome
  • gene
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16
Q

Complete the table, showing the differences in structure between DNA and RNA.

Shape:

Sugar:

Nucleitoids:

How many nucleotides?

A

Shape:
DNA - Double strand (doube helix)
RNA - Single strand (usually)

Sugar:
DNA - Deoxyribose (1 less oxygen)
RNA - Ribose

Nucleitoids:
DNA - A, C, G, and T
RNA - A, C, G, and U

How many nucleotides?
DNA - Millions
RNA - Hundreds or thousands

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17
Q

Briefly describe the two very important functions of DNA and RNA.

A

Protein Synthesis: Both DNA and RNA work together to produce protein.
- DNA has the instructions
- RNA “decodes

Inheritance: instructions are passed
from one generation to the next by way of DNA

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18
Q

Briefly explain two major differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

A

Cell Structure:
- Prokaryotic Cells: Generally smaller and simpler in structure.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Larger and more complex.

Nucleus:
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack of a true nucleus.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Have a true, membrane-bound nucleus.

19
Q

_______________________ have prokaryotic cells; all other organisms have eukaryotic cells.

A
  • bacteria
20
Q

What is the basic function of a cell’s plasma membrane?

A
  • regulate movement of substances in and out of the cell
21
Q

The three major components or parts of a plasma membrane in animal cells are
_________________, ______________________, and ____________________________.

A
  • phospholipids
  • proteins
  • cholesterol
22
Q

Most of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA is found in the cell’s __________________________.

A
  • nucleus
23
Q

The production of proteins is the function of ________________________.

A
  • ribosomes
23
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in the __________________________ of eukaryotic cells.

A
  • mitochondria
24
Q

The _______________________________ contains lots of ribosomes; this is a series of
membranes where a lot of protein synthesis occurs.

A
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
25
Q

The ____________________________ is
the site of lipid synthesis (and the breakdown of toxic substances in the cell).

A
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
26
Q

The ______________________________ is where proteins and lipids are packaged, to prepare
them for export from the cell.

A
  • golgi body (or GOLGI APPARATUS
27
Q

___________________ are multiple, short hairlike structures on the surface of some cells; a
____________________ is a single, longer hairlike structure on other cells (like sperm). Both of
these are involved in cell movement

A
  • cilia
  • flagellum
28
Q

Plants have three structures that are not found in animal cells: _______________________,
_______________________________, and _____________________________.

A
  • cell walls
  • chloroplasts
  • central vacuoles
29
Q

__________________________ are cellular organelles in plants and some algae where photosynthesis occurs.

A
  • chloroplasts
30
Q

_________________________ is the study of structures in living organisms;
_____________________ is the study of how those structures function.

A
  • anatomy
  • physiology
31
Q

The four different processes that occur in the digestive systems of all heterotrophs are
________________________, __________________________, ____________________, and
_________________________.

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
32
Q

The pathway for our digestive system involves seven structures: ______________________,
_______________________, ___________________________, _______________________,
_____________________, ___________________________, and ________________________

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus.
33
Q

In addition, four other glands or organs are involved in the digestive system: _______________,
_____________________, ___________________________, and ________________________.

A
  • salivary glands,
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas.
34
Q

Digestion of food occurs in three of the structures listed in question #3: ___________________,
______________________________, and ____________________________

A
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
35
Q

The _______________________ is a flap of tissue that prevents food and liquids from entering
the trachea and going to the lungs.

A
  • epiglottis
36
Q

_________________________ is alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in
the esophagus that helps to move food along towards the stomach.

A
  • peristalsis
37
Q

Two __________________________ are located at the entrance and exit of the stomach, to
control the movement of partially digested food.

A
  • sphincters
38
Q

Digestion in the small intestine is aided by secretions from the _______________________ and
the ____________________________.

A
  • pancreas
  • gall bladder
39
Q

Bile is made in the _______________________, but stored in the ___________________. It
helps to emulsify (break down) fats in the small intestine.

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
40
Q

The absorption of nutrients is more efficient because of small folds in the walls of the small
intestine; these small folds are called ______________________.

A
  • villi
41
Q

In our digestive system most of the water is reabsorbed in the ________________________ (to
prevent waste).

A
  • large intestine
42
Q
  1. Most of the large intestine consists of the ______________________, but the final portion
    (where feces is stored) is called the ______________________.
A
  • colon
  • rectum
43
Q

_____________________________ can occur if too much water is reabsorbed. On the other
hand, _________________________ can result when a bacterial infection causes leads to too
much water in the feces.

A
  • constipation
  • diarrhea

Bio 1010 (7 decks)

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