exam 3

Question 1

what are donors?

Answer 1

People or groups (like countries or organizations) that give help (money, supplies, support) to other countries to help them develop.
👉 If they give loans (not free money), they might be called lenders instead.

Question 2

what is bilateral aid

Answer 2

= One country giving help directly to another country.
👉 Example: Canada gives money or support straight to Kenya.

Question 3

what is multilateral aid?

Answer 3

= Money or help given by many countries and passed through a big international group, like the UN or World Bank, who then share it with countries that need it.
👉 It’s like a group project where everyone chips in and a neutral group decides how to use the money.

Question 4

what is bilateral actors?

Answer 4

This is help given from one government to another through official departments.

The help is based on what the donor wants and what the receiving country needs.

Some countries have special departments just for development, while others have development work done through foreign affairs ministries.

How much this aid is influenced by politics depends on the country’s situation.

Question 5

what is foreign aid?

Answer 5

= Any kind of help (like food, money, or support) given to countries from different sources — could be for emergency, economy, or military.

Question 6

what is official development assistance (ODA)?

Answer 6

= A specific type of government help focused on improving life and economy in developing countries.
✔️ Must be at least 25% gift/grant (not repayable).
✔️ Includes soft loans and grants.
❌ Doesn’t include military aid or donations from charities/NGOs.

Question 7

what are some examples of bilateral actors?

Answer 7

goverment agencies from different countries that give aid directly to other countries

🇨🇦 Global Affairs Canada – Handles Canada’s international development and foreign aid.

🇩🇪 GIZ (Germany) – A German agency that supports international development projects.

🇫🇷 AFD (France) – French agency for development, helps with global economic and social progress.

🇳🇴 Norad (Norway) – Norwegian agency that works on global aid and development efforts.

🇺🇸 USAID = U.S. Agency for International Development.
It’s the U.S. government’s agency that gives help to other countries.

What USAID does:
✔️ Helps countries by sharing resources and working together.
✔️ Runs programs to fight poverty, protect the environment, and improve health and education.
✔️ Goal: Make the world fairer and more sustainable.

Question 8

what are multilateral actors?

Answer 8

• groups of governments that work together but they act as independent organizations like the UN or WHO
• they get money mostly from member countries through their aid programs
  -they are slow
• big funders have more of an influence over what these organizations do
  Example: WHO doesn’t work with tobacco companies because it goes against its health goals—though some countries still choose to engage with them anyway.

Question 9

examples of multilateral actors

Answer 9

These are organizations made up of many countries working together to support development across different regions:

🏦 Regional/Continental Banks
ADB – Asian Development Bank (focuses on Asia)

IDB – Inter-American Development Bank (focuses on Latin America & the Caribbean)

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development – focuses on Europe and nearby regions

🌍 Other Multilateral Organizations
WHO – World Health Organization (focuses on global health)

🛢️ OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
A group of countries that export oil and work together to manage oil production and prices.

What they do in development:
✔️ Provide money for development
✔️ Encourage countries to work together
✔️ Support solutions to big social, economic, and environmental problems in different parts of the world

Question 10

what is non-governmental/non-profit actors?

Answer 10

these are organizations that aren’t run by the government and dont try to make a profit

• they help communities by focusing on things like health, education, disaster relief, and poverty

types:
NGO’s (non governmental organizations)
CBOs (community based organizations)

examples:
CARE
WORLD VISION
OXFAM
CRS (CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES)

Question 11

what do NGOs and community based groups work on?

Answer 11

fighting poverty
providing basic needs (like food, water, shelter)
promoting fairness and justice
helping with security and the environment

they try to raise awareness and push for change on specific issues

Question 12

foreign aid is helpful in many ways such as?

Answer 12

🧠 Training people and building skills in communities

🏥 Improving services like education and healthcare

🛣️ Building important structures – roads, bridges, dams, railways, airports

📜 Helping create better laws and rules – to protect the environment, stop corruption, or improve trade
🌾 Support farming – like teaching better ways to grow crops

🏭 Support industries – such as food processing or using natural resources

💻 Buy technology – to help development

🆘 Give emergency help – housing, food, or healthcare during war or disasters

Question 13

Who recieves foreign aid?

Answer 13

📋 OECD DAC List:
Keeps track of which countries are allowed to get ODA (Official Development Assistance).
👉 If a country isn’t on the list, it can’t be counted as receiving ODA.

💸 Graduation to High-Income:
Once a country becomes rich enough, it’s removed from the list (examples: Portugal, Greece, Chile).

Question 14

what countries does aid go the most highest to lowest

Answer 14

🌍 Sub-Saharan Africa – gets the most (42%)

🌏 Asia & Oceania – second highest (26%)

🌎 Middle East & North Africa – 16%

🌎 Latin America & Caribbean – 9%

🌍 Europe – 8%

Question 15

What should you know about countries that receive foreign aid?

Answer 15

Some countries (like Pacific islands) are very dependent on aid, giving donors influence over their decisions.

Most countries are not aid-dependent.

Countries receive aid for different reasons:
👉 Example: Bangladesh gets aid due to poverty and disasters — mainly from Japan, the U.S., and the UK.

Aid patterns shift over time due to history and politics:
👉 Example: Mozambique received Cold War aid and later grew post-civil war.

Question 16

What are the main funding sources for NGOs, and how do they differ?

Answer 16

Government grants
→ Low-visibility and focused on performance.

Private sector (businesses)
→ Might support their own interests or let NGOs criticize them.

Private individuals
→ Most flexible and independent; donors can openly criticize businesses or other institutions.

Question 17

What are the key issues around NGO accountability and legitimacy?

Answer 17

There’s growing debate about how honest and trustworthy NGOs are.

Some NGOs have built a strong reputation through honesty, transparency, and effectiveness.

Others are viewed more negatively and face criticism.

NGOs are seen as useful by companies, governments, and donors for the information they provide.

There are also debates around celebrity involvement — people question their motives and ethics.

Question 18

What are the advantages of celebrity involvement in NGOs’ activities?

Answer 18

🌟 Celebrities bring media attention and help spread awareness to more people.

✅ Their support gives credibility to the NGO, encouraging more public trust.

💰 They help raise more money, since fans are more likely to donate.

📢 They can influence public opinion and policy, pushing for social change.

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of celebrity involvement in NGOs?

Answer 19

May seem insincere or like a publicity stunt, hurting the NGO’s credibility.

Celebs might join short-term campaigns and ignore long-term goals.

If a celebrity gets into a scandal, it can damage the NGO’s image.

Focus on the celebrity can distract from the real issue, leading to a shallow understanding of complex problems.

Question 20

What are some emerging trends in Business–NGO partnerships?

Answer 20

NGOs and businesses are working together more to tackle development goals.

Site like sustainability.com explores this shift in depth.

NGOs now use market forces to help reach their missions by:

📣 Influencing consumer behavior

🏛️ Holding governments and corporations accountable

💼 Creating market-based tools to balance profits with social and environmental good

Question 21

Why are NGOs starting to focus on brand and market-based approaches?

Answer 21

As NGOs grow, they face competition — like businesses — and need to stand out.

Oxfam now uses a market-based approach to help create jobs and meet people’s needs.

The World Resources Institute believes in using the power of markets to drive real change.

Question 22

What is the ApproTEC & SC Johnson Greenlist™ case study about?

Answer 22

A partnership to promote eco-friendly insecticides using pyrethrum (a natural plant ingredient).

The ingredient is used in SC Johnson’s Raid®, and it breaks down quickly in the environment.

The flowers come from East Africa, mostly Kenya, which grows 2/3 of the global supply.

Over 200,000 Kenyan families grow pyrethrum but make less than $100 per year from it.

Question 23

What are the advantages of NGOs over government agencies?

Answer 23

NGOs are smaller, so they’re:
✅ Less bureaucratic → decisions are made faster
✅ More flexible → they adapt quickly to change
✅ Better at reaching the poorest people, even more than official government programs

Question 24

What are some other key advantages NGOs have over government agencies?

Answer 24

Seen as less corrupt than governments

Show more cultural sensitivity and build close local relationships

Can rebuild communication between communities and structures

Use local accountability systems

Offer independent assessments of issues

Stay active even in conflict zones

Share expert advice, raise awareness, and advocate for change

Question 25

What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and why is it important?

Answer 25

CSR means companies should care about more than profits — like employees, communities, and the environment. It’s about being ethical and sustainable, not just pleasing shareholders. Companies are encouraged to build good relationships with all stakeholders affected by their actions.

Question 26

What are 'partnerships for development' and who is involved?

Answer 26

No set definition, but they mean working together across sectors. These partnerships involve governments, companies, and civil society (like NGOs). The goal is to tackle shared public or social issues through collaboration.

Question 27

What are the key drivers of business-NGO partnerships in development?

Answer 27

Resource Mobilization: NGOs seek private funding due to limited budgets. Efficiency & Expertise: Businesses offer skills that boost project success. Business Integration: Companies enhance their brand and profit by joining development efforts. Ideological Support: Some support partnerships out of belief in shared value. Shared Value Concept (Porter & Kramer): Businesses solve social issues and benefit themselves by aligning their goals with society’s needs.

Question 28

What are the concerns about business-NGO partnerships in development?

Answer 28

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Can act like privatizations, with companies delivering public services—raising issues about accountability and control. Power Dynamics: Partnerships may become one-sided, where corporations dominate decision-making, risking the NGO’s independence and mission.

Question 29

Why is access to healthcare important in health and development?

Answer 29

Access to healthcare ensures: Overall physical, social, and mental health status Detection, diagnosis, and treatment of illness Avoiding preventable deaths Disease prevention Improved quality of life Increased life expectancy Defined as the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine).

Question 30

What are the differences between primary and secondary disease prevention in healthcare?

Answer 30

Primary Prevention Services and Activities: Vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, and age-wide disease prevention Health risk info, risk-reduction, and nutritional support Dental hygiene education and oral health care Secondary Prevention Activities: Population-based early disease detection screenings Maternal & child health programs (e.g., preventing congenital malformations) Use of chemo-prophylactic agents (e.g., for hypertension)

Question 31

What are Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and how do they relate to health inequities?

Answer 31

Social Determinants of Health (SDH) are the conditions that influence a person’s health throughout their life (e.g., education, income, environment). Health inequities are unfair and preventable health differences caused by social, economic, and environmental factors. The WHO (2008) emphasizes addressing these inequities as a key public health goal.

Question 32

What do the "great divides" in health and development refer to, and what are the optimistic and pessimistic views?

Answer 32

"Great divides" refer to contrasting views on global health and development: Optimistic View: Measles deaths dropped from 545,000 (2000) to 110,000 (2017). Greater access to antiretroviral therapy has extended lives of people with HIV. Global efforts in access, treatment, and prevention have improved overall health outcomes. Pessimistic View: Healthcare barriers persist in low-income areas. Marginalized groups face more preventable diseases and worse health. Policy reform and global collaboration are still urgently needed.

Question 33

What are socio-economic gradients in health, and how do they relate to the "great divides"?

Answer 33

Socio-economic gradients reflect differences in health based on income, wealth, education, and other assets. These gradients are part of the "great divides", showing how: People in poorer conditions have worse living and work environments. This leads to lack of access to health resources. Which continues the cycle of poverty and poor health. 👉 Cycle: Poverty → Poor Living & Work Conditions → Lack of Access → Poverty

Question 34

What are socio-economic gradients and how do they impact health outcomes?

Answer 34

Socio-economic gradients show a systematic link between socioeconomic status (SES) and health: Poorer populations tend to have worse health outcomes. These disparities are seen between and within countries and local areas. 🟦 Examples: In the UK, life expectancy can vary by 17 years between the richest and poorest districts. In Washington, DC, infant mortality is 10x higher in the poorest areas.

Question 35

What is globalization and how does it relate to health?

Answer 35

The integration of economies across borders, creating a global market for goods, services, and capital. Markets driven by supply and demand with minimal government intervention. The movement of goods, services, technology, skills, and capital, improving resource sharing globally — including in the health sector.

Question 36

How does trade liberalization affect global health?

Answer 36

ack: Encourages corporate control over food systems (e.g., WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture). Trade policies lead to both chronic hunger and obesity. TRIPS raises drug prices, limiting access for the poor.

Question 37

What are the health consequences of privatizing public institutions?

Answer 37

Health care treated as a business—profits over patients. Focus shifts from those in need to those who can pay. Higher costs and reduced access for vulnerable populations.

Question 38

What is the impact of market deregulation on workers and health?

Answer 38

Jobs move to low-cost regions with fewer regulations. Companies get tax breaks and loose labor laws. Workers face poor wages, bad conditions, and weak union support.

Question 39

What is the 10/90 gap in global health research?

Answer 39

Only 10% of the world’s health research money is spent on diseases that affect 90% of the world’s population, mostly in poor countries. Most funding comes from private companies, who focus on diseases affecting wealthier populations.

Question 40

Why does the 10/90 gap in health research matter?

Answer 40

Wealthier countries' health issues (e.g., Viagra) get more funding than major global issues (e.g., malaria). Profitable treatments are prioritized, leaving public health problems in low-income countries underfunded.

Question 41

What causes health inequities according to the WHO Commission (2008)?

Answer 41

Health inequities are caused by the unequal distribution of power, income, goods, and services—not natural factors. They result from: Poor policies and programs Unfair economic systems Bad politics These factors limit access to healthcare, education, and healthy living conditions, especially for the poor.

Question 42

What is technology?

Answer 42

Technology is the practical application of science to solve real-world problems. It evolves from necessity and becomes more complex over time. It involves tangible tools and applying scientific knowledge for practical use.

Question 43

What is Technological Determinism?

Answer 43

Back: Key Idea: Technology drives societal change. Main Argument: Tech advancements shape social structures and improve health and development. Focus: New technologies can bridge gaps regardless of social/economic conditions.

Question 44

What is Social Determinism?

Answer 44

Key Idea: Social, economic, and political factors shape development and health. Main Argument: Tech alone can’t solve disparities without addressing inequality. Focus: Emphasis on root causes like inequality and governance for lasting health change.

Question 45

What does Technological Determinism argue about the role of technology in society?

Answer 45

Technology shapes society. Belief that innovations like telemedicine, AI in healthcare, and digital health platforms can solve problems like access to healthcare.

Question 46

What does Social Determinism argue about the relationship between society and technology?

Answer 46

Society shapes technology. Example: Limited access to healthcare in low-income areas is due to poverty and poor governance—not lack of technology.

Question 47

What is the co-production view of technology and society?

Answer 47

Technology and society shape each other. They are not separate — instead, technology is embedded in social, political, and economic practices. As society influences technology, technology also transforms society.

Question 48

What was internet access like in the year 2000?

Answer 48

Only 6.5% of the world had internet access. Most used slow dial-up connections (≤ 56 Kbps). Access was mainly in developed countries, with major gaps in low-income and rural areas.

Question 49

How did internet access change by 2015?

Answer 49

Internet usage rose to 43% of the global population (~3.2 billion people). High-speed access enabled video streaming, social media, and e-commerce. Rich multimedia and interactive platforms became mainstream.

Question 50

How did mobile phone use grow from 2000 to 2015?

Answer 50

In 2000, there were 738 million mobile subscriptions globally. By 2015, this jumped to over 7 billion. This massive growth helped increase internet access and connectivity, even in remote areas.

Question 51

How are mobile technologies transforming society in Western Kenya?

Answer 51

Shaping kinship, friendship, marriage, and gender roles Promoting individuality, agency, and economic opportunities Strengthening group solidarity Challenging traditional norms, especially around gender and autonomy

Question 52

What is the Digital Divide (OECD, 1998)?

Answer 52

A gap between people and regions with different socio-economic levels in terms of: Access to information and communication technologies (ICT) Use of the Internet for various activities

Question 53

What is the Digital Divide and Digital Inclusion?

Answer 53

Digital Divide: Gap between those who have and lack access to computers/internet. Access differences often relate to income, race, gender, location, or education. Digital Inclusion: Focuses on how ICT affects individuals, communities, and countries.

Question 54

Why is Digital Inclusion Important?

Answer 54

Economic & Social Realities: Access to jobs, education, health info, e-gov services, and economic self-sufficiency. Civic & Social Participation: Enables civic engagement, e-democracy, and participation in global digital society (e.g., blogs, forums).

Question 55

What’s the difference between Tied and Untied Aid?

Answer 55

Tied Aid: Must be spent on goods/services from the donor country or select countries. Untied Aid: Can be used to buy from virtually any country. 📝 Note: Until the 1990s, 46% of bilateral aid was tied.

Question 56

Stakeholders

Answer 56

All actors affected by or involved in development—governments, NGOs, communities, etc.

Question 57

Women, Environment, and Development (WED)

Answer 57

Focus on how environmental issues intersect with gender, aiming for systemic global solutions.

Question 58

World Bank

Answer 58

Provides long-term loans to support development and reduce poverty through economic projects.

Question 59

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Answer 59

Provides short-term financial support and helps countries manage exchange rates and stabilize economies.

Question 60

Odious Debt

Answer 60

Debt incurred by regimes not acting in the interest of the people, often used to argue against repayment.

Question 61

Communicable Diseases

Answer 61

Infectious diseases that can spread from person to person, like flu or measles.

Question 62

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

Answer 62

Chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer that aren't spread from person to person.

Question 63

Why Donors Fund Global Health

Answer 63

To promote stability, prevent disease spread, support diplomacy, and align with global development goals.

Question 64

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Answer 64

Government aid designed to promote economic development and welfare in developing countries.

Question 65

Development Assistance Committee (DAC)

Answer 65

A forum of major donor countries that monitor and coordinate development aid.

Question 66

Donor Club

Answer 66

A group of wealthy countries or organizations that fund international development efforts.

Question 67

Men in Development

Answer 67

Men’s roles and needs are also important for achieving gender equity and transforming social norms.

Question 68

Essentializing Women and Girls

Answer 68

Reducing them to a single group with uniform needs can overlook diversity and reinforce stereotypes.

Question 69

Civil Society Organizations

Answer 69

Groups outside of government and business that represent citizens’ interests and advocate for change.

Question 70

Cultural Determinism

Answer 70

The idea that culture shapes behavior and development.

Question 71

Gender Equity

Answer 71

Fairness in treatment based on gender, which may involve different but equivalent resources or opportunities.

Question 72

Gender Equality

Answer 72

Everyone having the same rights, responsibilities, and opportunities regardless of gender.

Question 73

Intersectionality in Gender

Answer 73

How race, class, religion, and geography affect gender roles and inequalities.