EXAM 1 WEEK (1,2,3) Flashcards
What is indirect rule ?
The colonizers let the local leaders in the colony stay in charge but made them follow the rules of the colonizing country.
Instead of taking control directly, the colonizers used the local leaders to help govern the people, saving time and money.
The local rulers still had some power, but they had to answer to the colonizers.
What are some characteristics of developing nations?
- high rates of population growth
-the low standard of living and productivity - high illiteracy rates
- bad governance- instability and corruption
what is imerialism?
- when one state dominates another state/country without actually settling there- military control, political influence
what is colonialisn?
form of imperialism that has direct control over multiple territories for economic exploitation
- actively takes over the land
- sends settlers to live there
What is HDI?
Human Development Index
HDI is a measure of development that looks beyond just income and wealth. It focuses on people’s ability to live a long, healthy life, to be educated, and to enjoy a decent standard of living.
- this was defined by amartya sen
what is dudley seers definition of development and the six conditions he proposed for a universally acceptable aim of development?
the aim of development is to realize the full potential of human personality and ensure basic needs are met for everyone
- adequate income enough income to cover basic survival needs
- employment- opportunities to work
- income distribution: fairer distribution of income across society
- education
- political participation: the ability for individuals to participate in the political process
- national autonomy: the country should have the freedom to make its own decisions without external control
what were the three key aspects of development according to denis goulet ?
sustenance: ensuring basic needs are met like food, shelter, good health
self-esteem: better standard of living like quality of life, which leads to dignity and respect
freedom: this involves giving people the choice and equal opportunity to participate in social, legal processes.
what is a third world country?
refers to countries that were outside the major power blocks
what is developing countries?
refers to all countries that are not rich or fully developed yet. they are still growing economically and socially.
what are emerging economies?
refers to countries that are becoming economically dynamic and growing fast often seen as potential markets for businesses
what is global south?
refers to countries in the southern hemisphere (mostly in africa, latin america, and asia) that are less developed. it highlights the inequality in resource distribution between wealthy countries and the poorer ones
what is fourth world countries?
Refers to the most underprivileged people within both developing countries and the “Third World.”
what are the economic indicators when measuring development?
economic growth:
- GDP: Gross domestic product is the standard measure
- GNI (Gross national income) adjusted to PPP (Purchasing power Parity) compares economic growth between countries
- income growth: measures the income distribution within a country using tools like GINI coefficient
what is social indicators when measuring development ?
education and literacy : measuring the mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling
- health and welfare:
- life expectancy is used as a key indicator for health
what was the impact of colonial rule on economic development?
exploitation and resources;
- colonies as sources of raw materials, colonies were primarily exploited for their raw materials, which were then sent to the colonizing countries (like Britain, france, and spain)
- used land that would have been used for local food production and instead used the crops to benefit the colonizers
- the intensive extraction then led to long-term environmental damage.
what were the post-world war II shifts in the late colonial period?
the war weakened european powers, which lead to increasing demand for independence
what was the rise of nationalism?
colonized peoples across africa, asia, and the caribbean began to assert their right to self-determination
what is the social unrest?
growing awareness of inequalities and the harsh realities of colonial rule led to widespread protest and civil disobedience.
what are the examples of the lasting legacy of colonialism ?
Economic: many of the post-colonial states remain the primary source of raw materials to export, which was established during colonial times
political and institutional: many post-colonial states inherited weak institutions, leading to challenges in governance and instability
social and cultural: colonialism often suppressed Indigenous cultures and languages, leading to lasting identity crisis and cultural erosion
what is neoliberalism?
is an economic ideology and policy model that states wants free-market competition. with a focus on reducing government intervention in the economy.
- focused on laissez-fair economics which means limited government intervention in markets
what are the core principles of neoliberalism?
Neoliberalism advocates for deregulation, privatization, and free-market capitalism.
- they state that if a state is run by the government, it is inefficient due to slow decision-making and lack of comp
- they say that the government may misuse resources, this happens when those in power use resources for personal gain or to benefit specific groups rather than the public good
- promotes the idea that the natural supply and demand in a free market is more efficient at allocating resources than with government intervention.
what are the economic effects of neoliberalism?
- private businesses and free-market forces dominate
- developing countries may find themselves vulnerable to changes in global economic conditions, like oil, minerals, metals
-Neoliberal policies can result in countries having less control over essential sectors, such as energy, healthcare, and education, as these may be privatized or influenced by foreign capital.
what is the impact on developed countries when it came to the global shift in industrialization ?
- developed countries moved away from industrial production, which resulted in the loss of jobs in sectors like steel, textiles, and heavy manufacturing
- economic transition: there has been a shift towards knowledge based industries like finance and education in the developed world leading to growth in thse areas
what is the impact of industrialization of the developing countries?
- rapid industrial growth in manufacturing from foreign investments and the availability of cheap labour
- economic growth, helping reduce poverty and boost income levels in some developing nations
- social and environmental issues, like labor exploitation, environmental degradation