EXAM 1 WEEK (1,2,3) Flashcards
What is indirect rule ?
The colonizers let the local leaders in the colony stay in charge but made them follow the rules of the colonizing country.
Instead of taking control directly, the colonizers used the local leaders to help govern the people, saving time and money.
The local rulers still had some power, but they had to answer to the colonizers.
What are some characteristics of developing nations?
- high rates of population growth
-the low standard of living and productivity - high illiteracy rates
- bad governance- instability and corruption
what is imerialism?
- when one state dominates another state/country without actually settling there- military control, political influence
what is colonialisn?
form of imperialism that has direct control over multiple territories for economic exploitation
- actively takes over the land
- sends settlers to live there
What is HDI?
Human Development Index
HDI is a measure of development that looks beyond just income and wealth. It focuses on people’s ability to live a long, healthy life, to be educated, and to enjoy a decent standard of living.
- this was defined by amartya sen
what is dudley seers definition of development and the six conditions he proposed for a universally acceptable aim of development?
the aim of development is to realize the full potential of human personality and ensure basic needs are met for everyone
- adequate income enough income to cover basic survival needs
- employment- opportunities to work
- income distribution: fairer distribution of income across society
- education
- political participation: the ability for individuals to participate in the political process
- national autonomy: the country should have the freedom to make its own decisions without external control
what were the three key aspects of development according to denis goulet ?
sustenance: ensuring basic needs are met like food, shelter, good health
self-esteem: better standard of living like quality of life, which leads to dignity and respect
freedom: this involves giving people the choice and equal opportunity to participate in social, legal processes.
what is a third world country?
refers to countries that were outside the major power blocks
what is developing countries?
refers to all countries that are not rich or fully developed yet. they are still growing economically and socially.
what are emerging economies?
refers to countries that are becoming economically dynamic and growing fast often seen as potential markets for businesses
what is global south?
refers to countries in the southern hemisphere (mostly in africa, latin america, and asia) that are less developed. it highlights the inequality in resource distribution between wealthy countries and the poorer ones
what is fourth world countries?
Refers to the most underprivileged people within both developing countries and the “Third World.”
what are the economic indicators when measuring development?
economic growth:
- GDP: Gross domestic product is the standard measure
- GNI (Gross national income) adjusted to PPP (Purchasing power Parity) compares economic growth between countries
- income growth: measures the income distribution within a country using tools like GINI coefficient
what is social indicators when measuring development ?
education and literacy : measuring the mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling
- health and welfare:
- life expectancy is used as a key indicator for health
what was the impact of colonial rule on economic development?
exploitation and resources;
- colonies as sources of raw materials, colonies were primarily exploited for their raw materials, which were then sent to the colonizing countries (like Britain, france, and spain)
- used land that would have been used for local food production and instead used the crops to benefit the colonizers
- the intensive extraction then led to long-term environmental damage.
what were the post-world war II shifts in the late colonial period?
the war weakened european powers, which lead to increasing demand for independence
what was the rise of nationalism?
colonized peoples across africa, asia, and the caribbean began to assert their right to self-determination
what is the social unrest?
growing awareness of inequalities and the harsh realities of colonial rule led to widespread protest and civil disobedience.
what are the examples of the lasting legacy of colonialism ?
Economic: many of the post-colonial states remain the primary source of raw materials to export, which was established during colonial times
political and institutional: many post-colonial states inherited weak institutions, leading to challenges in governance and instability
social and cultural: colonialism often suppressed Indigenous cultures and languages, leading to lasting identity crisis and cultural erosion
what is neoliberalism?
is an economic ideology and policy model that states wants free-market competition. with a focus on reducing government intervention in the economy.
- focused on laissez-fair economics which means limited government intervention in markets
what are the core principles of neoliberalism?
Neoliberalism advocates for deregulation, privatization, and free-market capitalism.
- they state that if a state is run by the government, it is inefficient due to slow decision-making and lack of comp
- they say that the government may misuse resources, this happens when those in power use resources for personal gain or to benefit specific groups rather than the public good
- promotes the idea that the natural supply and demand in a free market is more efficient at allocating resources than with government intervention.
what are the economic effects of neoliberalism?
- private businesses and free-market forces dominate
- developing countries may find themselves vulnerable to changes in global economic conditions, like oil, minerals, metals
-Neoliberal policies can result in countries having less control over essential sectors, such as energy, healthcare, and education, as these may be privatized or influenced by foreign capital.
what is the impact on developed countries when it came to the global shift in industrialization ?
- developed countries moved away from industrial production, which resulted in the loss of jobs in sectors like steel, textiles, and heavy manufacturing
- economic transition: there has been a shift towards knowledge based industries like finance and education in the developed world leading to growth in thse areas
what is the impact of industrialization of the developing countries?
- rapid industrial growth in manufacturing from foreign investments and the availability of cheap labour
- economic growth, helping reduce poverty and boost income levels in some developing nations
- social and environmental issues, like labor exploitation, environmental degradation
what is decentralization as a result of industrialization?
Industrialization has led to the relocation of factories from developed countries to developing nations, enabling global supply chains and economic diversification.
Decentralization simply means moving control or decision-making from a central authority (like a government or large company) to smaller, local units.
In the context of industries, it means relocating factories or business operations from one central location (like a developed country) to different parts of the world (often to developing countries), which helps distribute production and expand economic opportunities.
In short, it’s the process of spreading out power or activity from a central point to many different areas.
what are some key ethical considerations when looking at equity and justice?
Without having equal rights and fair systems, people living in poverty lack the protections and resources to live safely
ex. prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, 5 billion people worldwide lacked access to justice, and many had unresolved justice issues
- people with disabilities and women, lqbtq, are all people who impacted by inequality
- fair distribution, looking to ensure that resources, benefits, and opportunities are distributed equitably among social and economic groups.
- social justice, addressing inequalities such as poverty, gender, and discrimination
what are some key ethical considerations when looking at respect for local cultures?
avoiding cultural imperialism
- supporting cultural preservation and promoting cultural diversity
what is the key ethical considerations when looking at sustainability?
- ability to maintain or support a process continuously over time
- broken into economic sustainability, environmental, and social
what is green investments?
what is economic sustainability?
focuses on conserving the naatrual resources that provide physical inputs for economic production, such as things we can reuse etc.
what is environmental sustainability?
incorporating practices that protect natural ecosystems and reduce carbon footprint
what is social sustainability?
Promote economic stability and social resilience in communities
what is the key ethical considerations when it comes to participation and empowerment?
Community involvement:
- engaging in local communities in the planning and development of projects
- ensuring that community voices, especially from marginalized groups, are heard and valued
- volunteering in your community
Empowerment:
- providing resources and opportunities to allow communities to make decisions and take control of their development
- supporting local leadership
What is the key ethical considerations when it comes to accountability and transparency?
open governance:
-ensuring that development organizations and governments operate with transparency regarding their actions and decisions.
- providing accessible information on project goals
Why is growth hard to define?
Growth is often measured by GDP but it doesn’t show true development (like poverty or inequality).
Growth can help but doesn’t solve poverty.
What is poverty?
Poverty isn’t just about money; it has social and psychological effects.
Absolute poverty is living on $1.90/day. Relative poverty is being poor compared to others in a society.
What’s the issue with development aid?
- Aid often comes with conditions that can harm the receiving countries.
- Reliance on aid can stop countries from being self-sufficient.
what is Amartya sen’s contibution to the capability approach?
- his approach focused more on what people can do with the freedom they have; instead of looking at how much money people have or own, he looks at the approach whether people can live the life they want
- For example, do people have the freedom to be healthy and educated or to work a job they enjoy?
- giving people the ability to do what is important to them, like escaping poverty, accessing education etc.
who is adam smith?
Laissez-faire Economics: Advocated minimal government interference; individuals acting in self-interest benefit society (Invisible Hand).
Division of Labor: Increased productivity through task specialization.
Free Markets: Supported markets without restrictions, believing in competition and supply/demand dynamics.
who was john friedman?
He believed that development should be about the people. Sustainable development should be in terms of participation, collaboration, and human rights and equity
- bottom up approach- focus on the locals that are affected by the issue, rather then being led by top leaders
- he says people in the community make decisions.
who was the key movement leader in Ghana?
kwame nkrumah
year of independence was in 1957
who was the key movement leader in india?
mahatma gandhi year of independence was 1947
who was the key movement leader in vietnam?
Ho Chi Minh
what are the common features and characteristics of poverty?
lack of basic needs- lack of the necessities to fulfill a decent standard of living including self dignity
lack of choices denial of freedom
lack of representation
how does HDI human development index define poverty?
as the inability to attain a minimal standard of living
- lack of basic needs, including lack of access to shelter, clean water or sanitation, education, health etc.
what was mother teresa’s view on poverty?
- is that it is not about the physical needs like hunger or homelessness, but also the emotional and social deprivation.
- she believes that the most profound form of poverty is when someone feels unwanted, unloved, and uncared for by others
- she says show love and care within own home and community to combat this emotional poverty
what does gandhi mean when he says “poverty is the worst form of violence”?
because it harms peoples dignity and well-being
what is absolute poverty?
a state of severe deprivation of basic human needs or goods and services needed to achieve a minimal but sustainable standard of well-being
- no shelter, clothing, drinking water, and education to participate in decision making
what is relative poverty?
- inequality in the location or society in which people live
- being below the relative threshold in the area on lives in, thresholds differ for each society and country
- stresses economic inequality as the primary indicator of poverty
what is moderate poverty ?
- lays in between absolute and relative is moderate poverty
what was poverty like in the 19th century?
- the emphasis was on economic growth, and they believed in the trickle-down theory to reduce poverty
- this period, they focused on economic growth rather than poverty alleviation
ex. industrialization, expansion
later in 1970-1980 they focused on health, nutrition and education in order to promote growth and allow employment
- as peter townsend said poverty was no longer about being able to meet the basic needs but about being able to live and do as others do in society
what is case poverty?
- seen in wealthier areas, where an individual or family is poor
- their poverty is evident compared to the surrounding communities
what is community poverty?
occurs when almost everyone in a community is poor
- poverty is more visible because others in the area are also struggling
what is transient and chronic poverty?
transient: people move in and out of poverty using strategies to survive
chronic: some households are stuck in poverty long-term
what is generational poverty?
poverty that lasts for two or more generations within a family
what is situational poverty?
short-term poverty, often caused by a specific event like a death
what is the structure/stratification theory of poverty?
poverty is caused by how a society is organized, with unequal wealth, power, and prestige
- poverty happens because of larger social and economic structures
- capitalism causes widespread poverty
what is the marxism theory of poverty?
- poverty is due to the unequal distribution of wealth primarly by capitalism
- working class being exploited for the benefit of the capitalists
what is the social disorganization theory when it comes to poverty?
poor communities may experience alienation, fear, which leads to crime
poor neighbourhoods have higher crime rates due to lack of resources
chronic unemployment, which allows families to fall apart
what is relative deprivation theory?
when people perceive economic and social inequality, it can lead to negative feelings like mistrust and aggression
what is monetary poverty?
- way to measure poverty
Typically defined as the lack of sufficient financial resources to meet
basic needs such as food (malnutrition, food insecurity), water and sanitation (lack of clean drinking water), and shelter (inadequate
housing or homelessness)
what is the basic needs poverty line?
is the minimum level of resources needed to meet basic needs, focusing on essentials for physical well-being.
how to measure welfare?
Welfare is first measured by looking at how much money someone has to meet their basic needs.
how to measure poverty in household level?
In lower- and middle-income countries, welfare is usually assessed at the household level, looking at how much is consumed or spent, not just earned.
what is the poverty line, also called market basket measurement?
The poverty line is the minimum income needed to meet basic needs (like food, shelter, and healthcare). If a person’s income is below this line, they are considered poor.
The poverty line divides people into two groups: poor and non-poor, based on whether their income meets the basic needs threshold.
Deciding where to set the poverty line is complex. Important factors include:
Whether the poverty line should be absolute (fixed) or relative (compared to society’s norms).
National Poverty Lines vary by country and reflect local living standards and values.
the foster Greer Thorbecke poverty measures the three types of poverty index’s…
what is the poverty headcount index?
It simply counts the proportion of the population living below the poverty line. It gives us an idea of how many people are living in poverty but does not measure the severity of their situation.
the foster Greer Thorbecke poverty measures the three types of poverty index’s…
what is the poverty gap index?
This measure shows how deep poverty is by calculating the average income shortfall below the poverty line. It helps us understand not just how many people are poor, but how far below the poverty line they fall.
- how far below the poverty line the people in poverty are
the foster Greer Thorbecke poverty measures the three types of poverty index’s…
what is the poverty severity index?
This one looks at the intensity of poverty, focusing on the income gaps of the poorest. It gives a deeper understanding of the overall welfare loss caused by poverty in a population, highlighting how severe poverty is for the people living in it.
- least intuitive measure
- how severe poverty is for the people who are already poor
what is multidimensional poverty?
and what is high MPI value, and Low MPI value?
The MPI is a composite measure that captures multiple deprivations
faced by individuals in areas like health, education, and living
standards
High MPI Value: Indicates a significant portion of the population
experiences deprivations in key areas like health, education, and
living standards.
Low MPI Value: Suggests fewer deprivations and better living
conditions.
compare multidimensional poverty index with the human development index.
HDI: Measures national development based on health, education, and living standards using a few indicators.
MPI: Measures multidimensional poverty at the household level, focusing on the same areas as HDI but with more detailed indicators.
what was World Bank’s Voices of the Poor (1999)?
he report was a large-scale effort to directly ask poor people about their living conditions, aiming to understand how they view and experience poverty.
what is poverty measurement?
Poverty measurement informs decisions about where and how to intervene to improve the lives of those in need.
- data from poverty measurement helps to identify people who need assistance the most
what is sustainable development goals (SDG’s) when it comes to poverty?
The overarching goal of the SDGs is to eradicate poverty in all its forms
and dimensions
why do we need to measure poverty?
Guide for policy makers, governments and aid agencies
- Development professionals, government, NGOs all want to monitor the progress and failure of poverty reduction
- to get an understanding to which we are fulfilling obligations for citizens
why is GDP not reliant?
GDP Averages: GDP figures are averages and do not reflect how wealth is distributed within a country (e.g., by region, class, gender, ethnicity). This means it might not capture inequality or poverty in specific groups within a country.
Development Measured in Money: GDP implies that all development can be quantified in terms of money, ignoring important aspects like unpaid work or the value of activities such as childcare and domestic work.
Quality of Life: GDP does not measure the quality of life of individuals or consider important social factors such as healthcare, education, or environmental sustainability.
Thus, while GDP provides a snapshot of a country’s economic output, it overlooks social well-being and equity. Other measures, like the Human Development Index (HDI) or the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), are increasingly being used to get a more comprehensive understanding of development by considering factors like health, education, and living standards.
what is the difference between GDP and GNP/GNI?
GDP is the measure of goods and services produced within a country’s boarders in the span of a year, it measured what is being produced regardless of who owns the resources, as long as it is in the country
GNP/GNI: measures the total value of goods and services produced by residents of a country, whether it be inside the country or outside, includes income from abroad.
gini coefficent?
The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality in a country. It shows how equally or unequally income is distributed among the population.
Range: The Gini coefficient ranges from 0 to 1.
0 means perfect equality (everyone has the same income).
1 means perfect inequality (one person has all the income, and everyone else has none).
In simple terms:
The higher the Gini coefficient, the more unequal the income distribution.
The lower the Gini coefficient, the more equal the income distribution.
It’s like a score to show how much the wealth is shared among people in a country.
berlin conference?
the Berlin Conference was a meeting held in 1884-1885 in Berlin, Germany, where European powers (such as Britain, France, Germany, and others) came together to divide Africa among themselves for colonization.
what factors determine poverty line?
Factors Determining the Poverty Line:
1. Geographical Location: Cost of living varies by region.
2. Cost of Living: The price of basic necessities determines
poverty thresholds.
3. Income Level: The income threshold below which
individuals are considered poor
what is the ruggie framwork?
Guidelines for businesses to operate ethically and integrate human
rights considerations into their operations to avoid human rights
violations
protect - the government have a responsibility to protect people from human rights abuses by businesses. Laws and regulations to prevent harm
respect: companies must respect human rights.
Remedy: must be a mechanism for individuals and communities to seek remedy if their human rights are violated by businesses.
what is social capital?
Social capital refers to the networks, relationships, and trust that exist within a community or society, which help people work together and achieve common goals. It’s about the connections between individuals, communities, and organizations that can make life better for everyone involved.
