exam 2 week 9

Question 1

Why do men and women lead gendered lives?

Answer 1

Men and women face different opportunities shaped by social structures, requiring them to navigate these structures for personal advantage.

Question 2

What has historically been emphasized in women’s development?

Answer 2

Women’s development has emphasized:
Fertility and empowerment, with the belief that empowering women leads to lower fertility rates and fosters economic growth.
Development issues framed as “problems” to solve with policies addressing “overpopulation.”

Question 3

What is a limitation of development models focusing on women and girls?

Answer 3

These models often fail to address the root causes of gender inequality.

Question 4

How is sex defined?

Answer 4

Sex categorizes someone as either female or male.
It is determined/fixed at birth and does not change over time.
Once born male, always male; once born female, always female. This is often assumed to be natural.
Some of these notions are changing in light of recent debates.

Question 5

How is gender defined?

Answer 5

Gender refers to the distinctive qualities of men and women (masculinity and femininity) that are culturally created.

It involves socially constructed roles and responsibilities of men and women.

It also encompasses psychological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness.

Gender roles can be socio-cultural, economic, and political, and can sometimes be ideological.

Question 6

What are sex roles?

Answer 6

Sex roles are duties or tasks that males and females perform due to their biology.
Examples:
Breastfeeding for females
Impregnating for males
These roles are biologically determined, fixed, universal, and exclusive to a particular sex.

Question 7

What are gender roles?

Answer 7

Gender roles are duties or tasks deemed appropriate for males and females by a cultural group based on their sexual identity.
Roles are not determined by biology (e.g., women caring for children, men fixing punctures).
They are learned, vary across cultures, and can change based on factors like class, religion, age, race, education, location, and ethnicity.

Question 8

How does CUSHNER (2012) define sex and gender?

Answer 8

Sex: A biological characteristic.
Gender: A social characteristic.

Question 9

What is gender identity according to CUSHNER (2012)?

Answer 9

Gender identity includes knowledge of rules and expectations for what boys and girls should wear, how they should speak and act, and their “place” in the overall structure of society.

Question 10

What are gender relations?

Answer 10

Gender relations are the social relationships between men and women as sex groups, affected by race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, social class, status, and geographical regionGender relations are the social relationships between men and women as sex groups, affected by race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, social class, status, and geographical region (intersectionalities of gender).

Question 11

What is gender equality?

Answer 11

Gender equality is not only the absence of discrimination and bias, but also the equal valuing of the similarities and differences between men and women. It is about equality of opportunities in a society where both men and women can lead fulfilling lives.

Question 12

What is gender equity?

Answer 12

Gender equity is the process of achieving fairness and justice among men and women. It entails the proportional distribution of social resources and services, as well as proportional representation of both sexes in the development process. Gender equity leads to gender equality.

Question 13

What is gender bias?

Answer 13

Gender bias is the tendency to be in favor of, or against males and females based on their gender rather than anything else.
Example: Taking only females for fashion and fabrics because of the stereotypical belief that women are better at sewing than men.

Question 14

What is gender discrimination?

Answer 14

Gender discrimination is the unfair treatment directed against an individual or group based on their gender, denying them rights, opportunities, or resources.
Whether positive or negative, differential treatment is given to males and females based on their gender.

Question 15

What is gender awareness?

Answer 15

Gender awareness is the ability to recognize how gender discrimination and bias impact men’s and women’s access to resources and benefits.
It involves understanding when and where problems are disguised and defended as culture and tradition.

Question 16

What is feminism?

Answer 16

Feminism is a social and political movement aimed at defending and expanding the rights of women.
It is both a cause and a result of the changing positions of women in society.
An ideology that recognizes the systematic discrimination against women on the grounds of their gender.

Question 17

What is patriarchy?

Answer 17

Patriarchy is a social system that propagates male superiority, power, and control over women as a natural norm.
Leadership roles, control of valuable resources, and decision-making are male preserves.
It draws a clear demarcation line between males and females, creating a social stratification with males always on top.

Question 18

What is critical feminist theory?

Answer 18

Critical feminist theory is a framework that critically examines power dynamics, social structures, and cultural norms to challenge patriarchal systems and advocate for social justice and gender equality.

Question 19

What is the gender analytical framework?

Answer 19

The gender analytical framework is a lens used to analyze gender roles, identities, and relations within societies, enabling the identification of structural processes shaping unequal social relationships and guiding efforts to promote gender equality.

Question 20

What is gender essentialism?

Answer 20

Gender essentialism is the belief in inherent and unchangeable differences between men and women based on biology. It reinforces traditional gender norms, stereotypes, and hierarchies, perpetuating inequality.

Question 21

What does it mean to “essentialize” women and girls?

Answer 21

: To essentialize means portraying women and girls through stereotypes and generalizations.
Example: Characterizing them as vulnerable, helpless victims in need of “saving.”

Question 22

What is instrumentalization?

Answer 22

Instrumentalization refers to using someone or something as a means to achieve a specific goal, often without regard for their intrinsic value or rights.
Example: Women and girls are viewed as tools to achieve broader development, such as economic growth or population control.

Question 23

How is women’s economic empowerment often justified?

Answer 23

Women’s economic empowerment is justified in terms of macroeconomic growth, neglecting their broader rights and equality.

Question 24

What is the welfare approach?

Answer 24

The welfare approach focuses on basic needs while strengthening women’s roles as homemakers and in reproductive duties.

Question 25

How is the welfare approach influenced by modernization theories?

Answer 25

It frames development challenges as issues to be addressed through policies targeting factors like overpopulation and lack of modernization.

Question 26

How do family planning programs display gendered power dynamics?

Answer 26

family planning programs often focus on women for population control and essentialize them based on their roles as mothers.

Question 27

What is Women in Development (WID)?

Answer 27

WID emerged in the 1970s to address gender disparities by recognizing women's roles in development beyond the traditional family and inclusion of women in mainstream development. It addresses issues such as sexual violence, discrimination, and limited access to resources.

Question 28

What are the challenges and limitations of WID?

Answer 28

Gender inequality persisted. WID tended to treat women as passive recipients of development rather than active agents of change. It focused more on integrating women into existing systems rather than challenging the underlying power structures that perpetuate gender inequalities.

Question 29

What is Women and Development (WAD)?

Answer 29

WAD shifted the focus from integrating women into existing structures to challenging patriarchal norms and power dynamics. It advocated for women-only projects aimed at enhancing women’s agency, knowledge, and economic independence.

Question 30

What are the challenges and limitations of WAD?

Answer 30

It may have inadvertently reinforced gender segregation and excluded men from gender efforts. It faced challenges in gaining mainstream acceptance within development discourse due to its more radical approach.

Question 31

What is Gender and Development (GAD)?

Answer 31

GAD is an approach that brings a gendered perspective to development, aiming to challenge unequal gender relations and transform power structures. It highlights the need to address complexities such as poverty, race, ethnicity, and class facing women and men, particularly in the Global South.

Question 32

What are the challenges and limitations of GAD?

Answer 32

GAD lacks insight into the experiences of the Global South due to its Western-centric view. It operates within established neoliberal goals, failing to challenge deep gender inequalities. GAD struggles to address complexities of poverty, race, and class, resulting in minimal changes in gender relations. It prioritizes Global North perspectives, neglecting Global South voices.

Question 33

How did the concept of empowerment evolve?

Answer 33

Empowerment evolved from being a grassroots tool for transformative change to focusing on efficiency by mainstream agencies.

Question 34

What did early gender and development debates stress?

Answer 34

Early debates stressed collective action, with critiques urging deeper understanding and empowerment.

Question 35

What challenges emerged with the mainstream adoption of empowerment language?

Answer 35

Mainstream adoption led to critiques about feasibility and the neglect of opposition.

Question 36

What is gender mainstreaming (GM)?

Answer 36

Gender mainstreaming is the integration of gender perspectives into all aspects of policy design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation across political, economic, and societal spheres. -The process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. A strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies & programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated.

Question 37

What are some success stories of gender mainstreaming?

Answer 37

Success stories include law reforms, increased women’s participation in parliaments, and involvement in peace processes, but these are exceptions rather than the norm.

Question 38

What are the challenges and limitations of gender mainstreaming?

Answer 38

Critics question the transformative potential of gender mainstreaming, suggesting scaling back expectations. Some propose leaving transformative goals to political processes instead of relying solely on gender mainstreaming.

Question 39

What do NGO initiatives focus on regarding toxic masculinities?

Answer 39

NGO initiatives tackle toxic masculinities, addressing their role in gender violence and inequality.

Question 40

What did 1990s development discourse focus on regarding men and masculinities?

Answer 40

The 1990s development discourse focused on men and masculinities, highlighting issues like HIV/AIDS, violence, and gender equality.

Question 41

What challenges do efforts to challenge toxic masculinity face?

Answer 41

Efforts to challenge toxic masculinity and foster gender-equal men face backlash from those threatened by changing gender norms.

Question 42

How do efforts to challenge toxic masculinity respond to gender-based violence?

Answer 42

Efforts to challenge toxic masculinity and promote gender equality respond to rising gender-based violence in the 21st century.

Question 43

What hinders changes in masculine attitudes?

Answer 43

Gendered assumptions about power and privilege hinder changes in masculine attitudes, especially among those benefiting from existing structures.

Question 44

how are gender-based violence and gender relations connected in development initiatives?

Answer 44

Shifts in perceptions of gender relations highlight gender-based violence as a systemic response to socioeconomic changes, stressing the need for alternative masculinities through development initiatives.

Question 45

What is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)?

Answer 45

CEDAW outlines discrimination against women and methods to address it through national actions. It calls for legal measures to end discriminatory laws and protect women from discrimination.

Question 46

What is the focus of UN Resolution 1325?

Answer 46

UN Resolution 1325 forms the basis for global campaigns against rape and gender violence in conflict. It calls for leadership to prevent and stop violence, increased resources for survivors, and justice for victims.

Question 47

What did the Beijing Conference and Platform for Action achieve?

Answer 47

The Beijing Conference resulted in 12 strategic objectives for gender equality. Adopted unanimously by 189 countries, it influenced numerous programs and campaigns globally.

Question 48

Practical Gender Needs (PGNs)

Answer 48

The immediate needs identified by women to assist survival in their socially accepted roles, within existing power structures. -Responds to short-term needs and responses, responds to needs that are usually easily identifiable (goods and services), responds to biological requirements and specific health problems.

Question 49

Strategic Gender Needs (SGNs)

Answer 49

Those needs identified by women that require strategies for challenging male dominance and privilege. These needs may relate to inequalities in the gender division of labor, in ownership and control of resources, in participation in decision-making, or to experiences of domestic and other sexual violence. These needs are often feminine in nature as they seek to change the status and position of women in society in relation to men -power relations

Question 50

Ester Boserup

Answer 50

A Danish and French economist who introduced the approach of WID in her book, Women’s Role in Economic Development

Question 51

Women, Environment, Development (WED)

Answer 51

1980s approach that raised awareness of environmental concerns to a global scale to seek systemic solutions to global common issues. Made visible the connections b/w the environ. and gender issues.

Question 52

What is Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Answer 52

Goal 5 emphasizes achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls. It builds on previous international commitments, aiming to end poverty and promote equality and sustainability.

Question 53

What are the challenges in gender equality policies and commitments?

Answer 53

Limited access to education for girls in some countries. Issues such as lack of tracking measures, policy-practice gaps, funding limitations, and resistance to gender equality efforts persist.

Question 54

What is climate change?

Answer 54

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in Earth's climate patterns, including changes in temperature, precipitation, and weather events, driven primarily by human activities such as greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 55

What are the characteristics of weather?

Answer 55

Weather is short-term. It covers a limited area. It can change rapidly. It is difficult to predict. Weather is what’s happening outside your window right now.

Question 57

What are the characteristics of climate?

Answer 57

Climate is long-term. It covers a wide area. It involves seasonal changes. Climate is measured over long spans of time. Climate is the average of many years of weather observation.

Question 58

Climate Change and Development: A 21st Century Challenge

Answer 58

Climate change has become central in international development discourse. It is now recognized as the most pressing challenge of the 21st century. Early development focused on stimulating economic growth through industrialization in developing countries. Environmental protection was initially considered secondary to economic prosperity.

Question 59

Sustainable development

Answer 59

Meeting current needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their needs. Adopted as the guiding principle of economic and international development.

Question 60

Climate Change and Development: A 21st Century Challenge

Answer 60

Transition to recognizing the importance of environmental issues. International cooperation has led to global goals like the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Goal 13: Climate Action.

Question 61

The Central Paradox

Answer 61

Economic development promotes societal well-being but can lead to environmental degradation. This degradation negatively impacts the well-being that development seeks to improve. Addressing this paradox is a major challenge in environment-development politics.

Question 62

Two Defining Characteristics of Environmental Problems

Answer 62

Collective Action Problem: When individuals or groups fail to cooperate to achieve a common goal due to the associated costs of taking action. Example: Countries may hesitate to implement stringent environmental regulations or invest in sustainable practices because of concerns about economic competitiveness or short-term costs.

Question 63

Tragedy of the Commons

Answer 63

Individuals, acting in their own self-interest, exploit shared resources without considering long-term consequences, leading to depletion of resources. Example: Overfishing in shared maritime territories, where fishing vessels maximize their catch without regard for sustainability, depleting fish stocks and threatening fishing communities.

Question 64

Contending Approaches to Environment-Development Politics

Answer 64

Modernization Theory and Environmental Quality: Suggests that improvements in quality of life result from: Industrialization Urbanization Technological advancements Global trade

Question 65

What does the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggest about economic growth and environmental degradation?

Answer 65

The Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggests that environmental degradation worsens initially with economic growth but eventually declines after reaching a certain income level. Further economic development is considered a solution to pollution and degradation, as the environment improves once a certain threshold is passed.

Question 66

What are the criticisms of traditional approaches to environmental development politics?

Answer 66

Traditional approaches are criticized for: Promoting unsustainable environmental exploitation and consumerism through modernization. Failing to account for global resource use and biodiversity conservation, as seen in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Emphasizing economic growth at the expense of environmental costs, which are often offloaded to poorer nations. Example: The case of China.