Exam 3

Question 1

mosaic evolution

Answer 1

a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems

Question 2

bipedalism

Answer 2

walking on 2 feet

Question 3

habitual bipedalism

Answer 3

form of locomotion shown by hominins most of the time

Question 4

obligatory bipedalism

Answer 4

only form of hominin locomotion

Question 5

reasons for bipedalism

Answer 5

carrying tools, taller

Question 6

skeletal adaptations due to bipedalism

Answer 6

shorter pelvis, longer femurs, femurs angled slightly, foramen magnum moved forward

Question 7

oldowan industry

Answer 7

earliest stone tool industry, simple tools, unifacial, 2.5 MYA

Question 8

stratigraphic

Answer 8

study of the sequential layering of geological deposits

Question 9

chronometric dates

Answer 9

absolute dating

Question 10

pre-australopiths

Answer 10

sahelanthropus teha densis (6mya), orrorin tugensis (6mya), ardipithecus (5.8-4.4 mya)

Question 11

australopithecines

Answer 11

australopithecus anamensis (4-3mya), australipithecus afarensis (4-3mya, Lucy), Paranthropus (2.5mya)

Question 12

laetoli

Answer 12

3.7-3.5 myo fossilized footprints

Question 13

homo habilis

Answer 13

(2.8-2.5 mya) believed to have made the earliest oldowan tools

Question 14

pleistocene epoch

Answer 14

1.8 mya-780 kya

Question 15

homo erectus

Answer 15

asian fossils

Question 16

homo ergaster

Answer 16

African fossils

Question 17

homo antecessor

Answer 17

some European fossils

Question 18

homo erectus characteristics

Answer 18

adults over 100 lbs, average 5’6, limb proportions more/less similar to modern humans, high degree of sexual dimorphism, skull anatomy more robust than modern humans, cranial capacity higher

Question 19

migration

Answer 19

roughly 75 yds/yr

Question 20

nariokotome boy

Answer 20

almost complete homo Erectus, East Africa, 1.6 mya

Question 21

dmanisi, Georgia, Europe

Answer 21

oldest 1.8 moo, old man of dmanisi (supported by his community)

Question 22

Trinil, Java

Answer 22

1.6 mya

Question 23

Eugene Dubois

Answer 23

found first Asian fossils

Question 24

Zhoukoudian, China

Answer 24

780 kya, associated with stone tools

Question 25

atapuerca, Spain

Answer 25

1.2 mya, earliest Erectus-like fossils in Western Europe

Question 26

acheulian industry

Answer 26

large proportion of bifacial tools, maybe created by h. Erectus

Question 27

bifacial flaking

Answer 27

a stone tool with flakes removed from both sides of the core

Question 28

middle pleistocene

Answer 28

780 kya- 125 kya

Question 29

late pleistocene

Answer 29

125 kya- 10 kya

Question 30

lower Paleolithic

Answer 30

oldowan and achelian industries, late pleistocene - middle Pleistocene

Question 31

middle Paleolithic

Answer 31

tool industries of neanderthals, late Pleistocene

Question 32

upper Paleolithic

Answer 32

tool industries of modern humans, late Pleistocene

Question 33

homo heidelbergensis

Answer 33

fossils transitional between homo Erectus, and Homo sapiens, 850 kya - 200 kya, africa and southern Europe, larger brains, thinner crania

Question 34

bodo skull

Answer 34

600 kya- africa, deflesse after death

Question 35

Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca

Answer 35

500-400 kya, first evidence of special disposal of the dead, oldest hominin DNA

Question 36

Levallois technology

Answer 36

technique for making stone tools that involves specially preparing the core so that the shape of the final flake is known beforehand

Question 37

terra Amata, France

Answer 37

380 kya, oldest known prepared structures

Question 38

Neandertals

Answer 38

stockier and more robust than modern humans, bigger noses, bigger teeth, and larger brain

Question 39

Marcellin Boule

Answer 39

misinterpreted La Chapelle-aux-saints, France

Question 40

Shankar Cave, Iraq

Answer 40

Neandertal burials, one has sever disabilities

Question 41

Mousterian Industry

Answer 41

associated with Neandertals, hafted stone tools, very little used of bone

Question 42

earliest h. sapiens fossils from…

Answer 42

…east africa-195kya

Question 43

regional continuity model

Answer 43

h. erectus populations evolved into h. sapiens in place, throughout their range, associated with Milford Wolpoff

Question 44

complete replacement model

Answer 44

Homo sapiens evolved in africa, then migrated outwards, completely replacing earlier populations, proposed by Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews

Question 45

Mitochondrial eve

Answer 45

donated the mtDNA line that eventually mutated into modern mtDNA

Question 46

y-chromosomal Adam

Answer 46

a male common ancestor of all living human males, donated the Y chromosome

Question 47

partial replacement model

Answer 47

h. sapiens evolved in africa about 200 kya, then migrates out. They mostly replaced earlier populations, but with some limited interbreeding

Question 48

Abrigo do Lagar Vehlo Child

Answer 48

24.5 Kya, hybrid of h. sapiens sapiens and h. sapiens Neanderthalensis

Question 49

Omo Kibish

Answer 49

Ethiopia, 195 Kya

Question 50

Horto, Ethiopia

Answer 50

160-154 kya, one of the largest collections of early h. sapiens (Homo sapiens idaltu)

Question 51

cro-magnon

Answer 51

28 kya, earliest population of h. sapiens in Europe

Question 52

homo floresiensis

Answer 52

very small-bodied hominid species, 65 kya

Question 53

upper Paleolithic culture

Answer 53

starts about 40 kya

Question 54

aurignacian technology

Answer 54

introduces ivory, bone and antler

Question 55

chatelperonian technology

Answer 55

made by last Neandertals

Question 56

gravettian technology

Answer 56

nothing of particular interests

Question 57

solutrean technology

Answer 57

introduced pressure flaking, and direct percussion

Question 58

magdalenian technology

Answer 58

atlatl, bows and arrows, indirect percussion, blades and art