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Physical Anthropology 131 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

science

A

a knowledge system that assumes an objective reality independent of any observer and investigates it via the scientific method

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2
Q

scientific method

A

a way of investigating the world by describing observations, explaining observations, testing explanations with more observations, revising explanations to be more accurate and then repeating

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3
Q

theory

A

a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through testing of hypotheses

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4
Q

hypotheses

A

a provisional explanation of phenomena

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5
Q

theoretical constructs

A

unobservable variables that are proposed by theories as ways of explaining observed associations; explain associations

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6
Q

physical science

A

investigate physical aspects of the world

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7
Q

social science

A

investigate human societies and human relationships

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8
Q

observational sciences

A

collect data by finding circumstances that already exist

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9
Q

experimental sciences

A

collects collect data by actually manipulating the world

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10
Q

anthropology

A

the holistic, scientific study of all aspects of the human condition

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11
Q

sociocultural anthropology

A

studies human society and culture mostly by direct observation of contemporary, living people

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12
Q

anthropological linguistics

A

study of human language

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13
Q

archaeology

A

the study of human past through material remains

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14
Q

physical anthropology

A

study of human biology within the framework of evolution with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture

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15
Q

culture

A

the behavioral aspect of human adaptation

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16
Q

biocultural evolution

A

the concept that biology makes culture possible, and that developing culture further influences the direction of biocultural evolution

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17
Q

fixity of species

A

the idea that all species were created by gof in the six days of creation, and they had not changed since

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18
Q

Bishop Ussher

A

calculations based on biblical and historical data; East was 5600 yrs old

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19
Q

John Ray

A

species

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20
Q

species

A

groups of living things that are reproductively isolated (members of 2 different species cannot interbred and produce fertile offspring)

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21
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

system nature, anima species can be categorized into hierarchically nested categories

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22
Q

George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

A

different environments have species with different traits; species change over time in response to aspects of the environment

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23
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A

species evolve in response to how they interact with the environment

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24
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

traits gained by an animals in its lifetime can be passed on to its offspring

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25
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

animal special can become extinct and new species can appear

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26
Q

catastrophism

A

the view that the earths geological landscape is the result of violent, cataclysmic events

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27
Q

Charles Lyell

A

“father of modern geology”, earth is millions of years old

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28
Q

uniformitarianism

A

geological processes in action today were also in action in the past and these processes had the same effect in the past as they do today

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29
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

why populations grow or decline

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30
Q

Malthusian Population controls

A

famine, epidemic, war

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31
Q

carrying capacity

A

the population that a given environment can support

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32
Q

Darwins life and contributions to evolutionary theory

A

combined all the earlier scholars’ ideas with a few of his own to create viable explanations for why and how species evolve over time, natural selection, origin of the species, the descent of man

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33
Q

cells

A

the fundamental unit of life in all organisms

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34
Q

cytoplasm

A

semifluid substance contained within the cell membrane

35
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

36
Q

ribosome

A

composed of rRNA and proteins

37
Q

proteins

A

one of the most important kids of molecules in a cell, made of long chains of amino acids

38
Q

amino acids

A

20 smaller molecules.es chained together to form proteins

39
Q

nucleic acids

A

molecules that record information essential for cell functions mostly found in the nucleus

40
Q

DNA

A

double stranded molecule that contain the genetic code

41
Q

mRNA

A

forms on DNA, then migrates to ribosomes

42
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

43
Q

bases

A

adenine, thymine, guanie, cytosine (a-t, g-c)

44
Q

process of protein synthesis

A

transcription, translation

45
Q

mutation

A

change in DNA sequences due to improper DNA replication, make evolution possible

46
Q

gene

A

a sequence of DNA triplets that describes a functional protein

47
Q

regulatory gene

A

genes that create proteins that turn other genes on, or off, by opening, or closing, DNA strands

48
Q

chromosomes

A

one of 46 chains of DNA in the cell nucleus, only forms when the DNA bunches up into a dense structure

49
Q

Mitosis

A

simple cell division

50
Q

somatic cells

A

types of cells in most body tissues

51
Q

daughter cells

A

comes from a single mother cell

52
Q

meiosis

A

cell division in specialized cells in testes and ovaries

53
Q

gametes

A

cells with 23 chromosomes that function in reproduction

54
Q

fertilization

A

the fusing of two gametes, one from each parent to form a zygote

55
Q

zygote

A

the 46 chromosome cell formed by fertilization

56
Q

gregor mendel

A

augustinian monk

57
Q

inheritance

A

the process of passing traits to offspring

58
Q

dilution of traits

A

destruction of favorable traits over time if inheritance were a blending process

59
Q

principles of segregation

A

genes occur in pairs, and one member of each pair is inherited from each parent

60
Q

dominant gene

A

one that expresses in both homozygotes and heterozygotes

61
Q

recessive genes

A

one that expresses in homozygotes, but not in heterozygotes

62
Q

locus

A

location of a give gene on a chromosome

63
Q

allele

A

alternate forms of a gene

64
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

65
Q

homozygous

A

a cell with two identical alleles at a given locus

66
Q

heterozygous

A

a cell with two different alleles at a given locus

67
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of an organism, determines by its genotype

68
Q

random assortment

A

the random distribution to chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis

69
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

the idea that genes influencing different traits are inherited independently of one another

70
Q

mendelian traits

A

traits that are governed by alleles at only one locus

71
Q

discrete traits

A

traits that have phenotypes that fall into only a few non-overlapping categories

72
Q

continuous traits

A

those traits whose phenotypes are measured on a continuous scale

73
Q

polygenic traits

A

traits governed by a combination of alleles at many loci, and usually a verity of environmental and developmental factors

74
Q

modern synthesis

A

the bringing together of multiple lines of evidence to integrate Mendelian genetics and natural selection within evolutionary theory

75
Q

formal def of evolution

A

a change in allele frequency in the gene pool of a population from one generation to the next

76
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species, from which individuals in the group usually find mates

77
Q

microevolution

A

evolution within a species/parent and child will always be the same species

78
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution go new species/same thing over and over

79
Q

mutation

A

results of imperfect DNA replication; only way to create new alleles; essential to evolution

80
Q

gene flow

A

exchange of genes between populations

81
Q

genetic drift

A

evolutionary changes that are produced by random factors; grater in smaller populations

82
Q

founders effect

A

type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or remnants of, larger populations

83
Q

recombination

A

during meiosis, members of the same pair of chromosomes may swap genes

84
Q

natural selection

A

influences the ling tern direction of evolutionary change

Physical Anthropology 131 (1 decks)

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