Exam 1 Flashcards
science
a knowledge system that assumes an objective reality independent of any observer and investigates it via the scientific method
scientific method
a way of investigating the world by describing observations, explaining observations, testing explanations with more observations, revising explanations to be more accurate and then repeating
theory
a broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been substantially verified through testing of hypotheses
hypotheses
a provisional explanation of phenomena
theoretical constructs
unobservable variables that are proposed by theories as ways of explaining observed associations; explain associations
physical science
investigate physical aspects of the world
social science
investigate human societies and human relationships
observational sciences
collect data by finding circumstances that already exist
experimental sciences
collects collect data by actually manipulating the world
anthropology
the holistic, scientific study of all aspects of the human condition
sociocultural anthropology
studies human society and culture mostly by direct observation of contemporary, living people
anthropological linguistics
study of human language
archaeology
the study of human past through material remains
physical anthropology
study of human biology within the framework of evolution with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture
culture
the behavioral aspect of human adaptation
biocultural evolution
the concept that biology makes culture possible, and that developing culture further influences the direction of biocultural evolution
fixity of species
the idea that all species were created by gof in the six days of creation, and they had not changed since
Bishop Ussher
calculations based on biblical and historical data; Earth was 5600 yrs old
John Ray
species
species
groups of living things that are reproductively isolated (members of 2 different species cannot interbred and produce fertile offspring)
Carolus Linnaeus
system nature, anima species can be categorized into hierarchically nested categories
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
different environments have species with different traits; species change over time in response to aspects of the environment
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
species evolve in response to how they interact with the environment
inheritance of acquired characteristics
traits gained by an animals in its lifetime can be passed on to its offspring
Georges Cuvier
animal special can become extinct and new species can appear
catastrophism
the view that the earths geological landscape is the result of violent, cataclysmic events
Charles Lyell
“father of modern geology”, earth is millions of years old
uniformitarianism
geological processes in action today were also in action in the past and these processes had the same effect in the past as they do today
Thomas Malthus
why populations grow or decline
Malthusian Population controls
famine, epidemic, war
carrying capacity
the population that a given environment can support
Darwins life and contributions to evolutionary theory
combined all the earlier scholars’ ideas with a few of his own to create viable explanations for why and how species evolve over time, natural selection, origin of the species, the descent of man
cells
the fundamental unit of life in all organisms
cytoplasm
semifluid substance contained within the cell membrane
nucleus
contains DNA
ribosome
composed of rRNA and proteins
proteins
one of the most important kids of molecules in a cell, made of long chains of amino acids
amino acids
20 smaller molecules.es chained together to form proteins
nucleic acids
molecules that record information essential for cell functions mostly found in the nucleus
DNA
double stranded molecule that contain the genetic code
mRNA
forms on DNA, then migrates to ribosomes
tRNA
transfer RNA
bases
adenine, thymine, guanie, cytosine (a-t, g-c)
process of protein synthesis
transcription, translation
mutation
change in DNA sequences due to improper DNA replication, make evolution possible
gene
a sequence of DNA triplets that describes a functional protein
regulatory gene
genes that create proteins that turn other genes on, or off, by opening, or closing, DNA strands
chromosomes
one of 46 chains of DNA in the cell nucleus, only forms when the DNA bunches up into a dense structure
Mitosis
simple cell division
somatic cells
types of cells in most body tissues
daughter cells
comes from a single mother cell
meiosis
cell division in specialized cells in testes and ovaries
gametes
cells with 23 chromosomes that function in reproduction
fertilization
the fusing of two gametes, one from each parent to form a zygote
zygote
the 46 chromosome cell formed by fertilization
gregor mendel
augustinian monk
inheritance
the process of passing traits to offspring
dilution of traits
destruction of favorable traits over time if inheritance were a blending process
principles of segregation
genes occur in pairs, and one member of each pair is inherited from each parent
dominant gene
one that expresses in both homozygotes and heterozygotes
recessive genes
one that expresses in homozygotes, but not in heterozygotes
locus
location of a give gene on a chromosome
allele
alternate forms of a gene
genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual
homozygous
a cell with two identical alleles at a given locus
heterozygous
a cell with two different alleles at a given locus
phenotype
the observable characteristics of an organism, determines by its genotype
random assortment
the random distribution to chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis
principle of independent assortment
the idea that genes influencing different traits are inherited independently of one another
mendelian traits
traits that are governed by alleles at only one locus
discrete traits
traits that have phenotypes that fall into only a few non-overlapping categories
continuous traits
those traits whose phenotypes are measured on a continuous scale
polygenic traits
traits governed by a combination of alleles at many loci, and usually a verity of environmental and developmental factors
modern synthesis
the bringing together of multiple lines of evidence to integrate Mendelian genetics and natural selection within evolutionary theory
formal def of evolution
a change in allele frequency in the gene pool of a population from one generation to the next
population
a group of organisms of the same species, from which individuals in the group usually find mates
microevolution
evolution within a species/parent and child will always be the same species
macroevolution
evolution go new species/same thing over and over
mutation
results of imperfect DNA replication; only way to create new alleles; essential to evolution
gene flow
exchange of genes between populations
genetic drift
evolutionary changes that are produced by random factors; grater in smaller populations
founders effect
type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from, or remnants of, larger populations
recombination
during meiosis, members of the same pair of chromosomes may swap genes
natural selection
influences the ling tern direction of evolutionary change
