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Physical Anthropology 131 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

classification

A

the process of putting things into classes

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

homology

A

similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor

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4
Q

analogy

A

similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent

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5
Q

homoplasts/convergent evolution

A

species in similar environments may evolve similar traits, Eben though their common ancestor lacked those traits

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6
Q

cladistics

A

an approach to classification that attempts to make rigourous evolutionary interpretations based solely on analysis of certain type of homogoulous traits

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7
Q

clade

A

a group of organisms sharing a common ancestor

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8
Q

ancestral traits

A

one that was present in the common ancestor of the clade

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9
Q

derived traits

A

one that has arisen by changing the ancestral form

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10
Q

cladogram

A

chart showing evolutionary relationships based solely on interpretation of shared derived traits

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11
Q

phylogenetic traits

A

chart showing evolutionary relationships that contains a time component and implies ancestor-descendant relationships

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12
Q

speciation

A

process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species, most basic process of macroevolution

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13
Q

paleo species

A

species defined from fossil evidence, but only inferred to be reproductively isolated

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14
Q

adaptive radiation

A

relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life0forms when they move into new ecological niches

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15
Q

generalized species

A

adapted to be able to perform a wide variety of tasks and to change their behavior in response to the environment

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16
Q

specialized species

A

adapted to do only a few things, but do them very well

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17
Q

gradualism

A

idea that evolution is slow, steady, incremental and cumulative

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18
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

idea that evolution is made up of long periods of stability seated by periods of rapid change

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19
Q

geological time scale

A

division of earth’s history

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20
Q

eras

A

100’s of millions of years

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21
Q

periods

A

scores of millions of years

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22
Q

epochs

A

10s of millions to millions of years

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23
Q

in utero development

A

slower development

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24
Q

heterodont detention

A

having different kinds of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars)

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25
Q

endothermy

A

able to maintain internal body temperature

26
Q

monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals

27
Q

marsupials

A

pouched mammals

28
Q

placental mammals

A

develop over long periods of time in utero

29
Q

primates

A

includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys and apes

30
Q

anthropoids

A

all primates that are not lemurs, lorises, or tarsiers

31
Q

hominoids

A

all primates without a tail

32
Q

hominids

A

great apes including humans

33
Q

hominins

A

humans and human ancestors

34
Q

common characteristics of most primates

A

erect posture, flexible limb structure, prehensile hands, five digits on each hand, opposable thumbs, fingernails, tactile pads, omnivory, vision dominates over olfaction

35
Q

arboreal lifestyle

A

life in trees

36
Q

quadrupedal locomotion

A

on four feet

37
Q

vertical clinging/leaping

A

hanging on vertical trees, then leaping with the hind legs

38
Q

brachiation

A

arm-swinging, hanging from a branch and swinging from one arm to the other

39
Q

knuckle-walking

A

quadrupedal walking, but with weight supported on front knuckles

40
Q

bipedalism

A

walking on 2 feet

41
Q

behavioral ecology

A

study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection

42
Q

social structure

A

composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals

43
Q

factors

A

diet and nutritional requirements, protection from predators and dispersal

44
Q

dominance hierarchy

A

system of social organization wherein individuals with in a group are ranked relative to one another

45
Q

communication

A

any act that conveys information in the form of a message, to another individuals

46
Q

displays

A

sequences of repetitious behavior that serve to communicate emotional states

47
Q

grooming

A

one animal picking through the fur of another to remove dirt, parasites and other materials that may be present

48
Q

aggressive actions

A

against one another

49
Q

affiliative actions

A

reinforce social bonds to promote group cohesion

50
Q

core area

A

part of a troupe’s home range that contains the most food/water, defended

51
Q

home range

A

area through which the primate group claims the right to move and stays

52
Q

empathy

A

ability to identify the feelings and thoughts pf another individual

53
Q

compassion

A

desire to change feelings/thoughts of others so that they are comfortable/content

54
Q

anthropomorphizing

A

attributing human characteristics to animals when they are not present

55
Q

coaliations/alliances

A

friendships/between two individuals

56
Q

altruism

A

actions that benefit another individual but at some potential risk to the one performing the action

57
Q

reciprocity

A

altruistic actions will be returned in the future

58
Q

sexual selections

A

natural selection that operates on only one sex within a species

59
Q

infanticide

A

killing of an infant

60
Q

tool use

A

use of objects to accomplish a task more efficiently

61
Q

language

A

standardized system of vocal sounds, written symbols, or gestures used in communication

Physical Anthropology 131 (2 decks)

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