Exam 3 Flashcards
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Gas exchnage
- regulation of blood pH
- protection
- sound production
- olfaction
- assists in venous return
Importance of Uvula
prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity during swalloing
Importance of epiglottis
acts as a flap that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food and liquid from entering the lungs
Mechanism of sound production
Larnynx contains the vocal cords which vibrate when air passes through them
Speaking occurs during exhalation, as air from the lungs passes through the vocal cords
Superficial to most Deep
A. Bronchi
B. Alveoli
C. Trachea
D. Bronchiole
E. Nasal cavity
Nasal –> trachea–> bronchi–> bronchiole –> alveoli
When the diaphragm _________________________ down, air is taken in; when the diaphragm
_________________________ up , we exhale.
Contracts , relaxes
Type 1 Alveolar Cells vs Type 2
Type 1:
- thin, squamous epitheial
- Function: gas exchange, cover 95% of the alveolar surface
- Highly permeable to gases
- Cannot regenerate
Type 2:
- cuboidal epithelial, smaller
- Function: produce surfactant, serve as progenitor stem cells, immune defense
- cover only 5% of the alveolar surface but more abundant
- able to regnerate
Components of the respiratory membrane
- alveolar epithelium
- type 1 alveolar
- thin surface for gas diffusion
- type 2 is present but does not funciton
- allows O2 and Co2 diffusion - fused basement membranes
- thin basement membrane in between
- anchors the two cell layers together and reduces the diffusion distance for gases
- reduces diffusion distance - capillary endothelium
- simple squamous endotheiliul
- allows rapid gas exchange between the alveoli and blood
- facilitates gas exchange into and out of the blood
two forces pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall, and threaten lung collapse
- elastic recoil of the lungs
- lungs are highly elastic due to the presence of elastin fibers in the lung tissues
- after inspriation, the lungs naturally want to recoil inward to return to their smaller, unstretched size
- inward pull works against the outward pull of the thoracic wall. - surface tension of the alveolar fluid
- alveoli are lined with a thin layer of fluid that creates surface tension due to the atraction between water molecules
- tension tends to pull the alveolar walls inward, making the lung want to collapse
- type II alveolar cells produce urfactant, that helps reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse (atelectassi)
Rank size:
Alveoli, Alveolar sacs, Alveolar Cells, Iron, atoms
Alveolar Sacs > Alveoli > Alveolar Cells > Iron Atom
in what form do lipids enter lacteals
Chylomicrons
Cotransport of carbohydrate and protein monomers occurs with
Na+
PO2 gradient highest to lowest:
Alveoli, body tissue, venous blood, arterial blood
Alveoli > Arterial Blood > Body Tissues > Venous Blood
oxygen moves from lungs –> blood –> tissues
Chief Cells
Secrete pepsinogen
Paneth Cells
gut immunity and mainaining the intestinal in the small intestine
Parietal Cells
Secrete intrinsic factor
- secrete pepsinogen activator
Enteroendocrine cells
Secrete secretin, cholecystokinin, gastrin
- found in stomach and small intestine
Enterocytes
Secrete brush border enzymes
What balances the forces that would wrestle to cause the lungs to collapse and the thorax to expand
adhesion between pleurae
write in order encountered by foodstuffs
Parotid secrection –> Upper esophageal sphincter –> rugae –> pyloric valve –> Pancreatic secretions –> jejunum –> ileocecal valve –> hepatic flexure –> splenic flexure –> sigmoid colon
Inhibition of stomach secretion
- distention of duodenum
- Stress
- enterogastrones
Stimulation of stomach secretion
- distention of stomach
- partially digested proteins
- pleasing taste or smell
- caffeine
Oxy hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to LEFT when
- High pH
- High HbF
-High CO - High hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
- Low CO2
- Low Temp
- Low 2,3-BPG
- Low H+
12 conversions or products of the liver
- Glucose –> glycogen
- Glycogen –> glucose
- non carbohydrates –> glucose
- excess glucose –> fatty acids and triglycerides
- Fatty acids –> acetyl-CoA
- Fatty acids –> ketonebodies
- Amino acid –> energy
- Ammonia –> urea
- acetyle-CoA –> cholesterol
-cholesterol –> bile salts - stores iron and copper
- stores bitamin A,D,EK and water soluble vitamin B12
- T4–> T3
What are the organs in intraperitoneal
- stomach
- liver
- most of small intestine
- appendix
- transverse/sigmoid colon
- gallbladder
- spleen
Pancreatic juice components
- Lipase
- Amylase
- Carboxypeptidase
- Trypsinogen
Cotransport of carbohydrate and protein monomers occurs across ______
Across apical surfaces
How is the partial pressure of O2 during internal respiration?
Higher in tissue capillaries than in tissues.
O2 moves from high PO2 in tissue capliries to low PO2 in tissues
In what form is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
As a bicarbonate in plasma
where is the partial pressure of CO2 highest?
in Tissues
tissues generate CO2 as a metabolic waste product, so CO2 is highest there.
CO2 moves from tissue –> capilaires –> lungs for exhalation
Which of the following would cause an increase in alveolar surface tension?
Decreased surfactant production
Surfactant reduces surface tension. If surfactant decreases (e.g., in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome), alveoli collapse.
A patient is hyperventilating and expelling too much CO₂. What would likely happen to blood pH?
A) pH would increase ✅
Explanation: Hyperventilation removes CO₂ → Less carbonic acid forms → pH increases (alkalosis).
