EXAM 2:BLOOD Flashcards
the formed elements of blood:
and which is least numerous
- Erythrocytes: RBCs - Carry Oxygens
- Leukocytes : WBC - fight infections
- Platelets: Thrombocytes - help in clotting
How many copies of the recessive allele does someone with sickle cell disease have?
two copies of the recessive allele
one copy = carrier and has sickle cell trait
Neutrophil role
engulf bacteria
Multilobed nucleus
monocyte role
differentiate into macrophages upon leaving bloodstream
Lymphocyte role
spherical nucleus takes up majority of cell
able to differentiate into B-T Cells and Plasma Cells
Originate from lymphoid stem cells
Potential to live for decades
Monocyte
Engulf Debris and is the largest
Eosinophil
attack parasites and allergies
shares a common precursor with neutrophiles
Why is it best to destroy old erythrocytes
- life span of 120 day
- lack a nucleus and organelles so they cannot repair themselves when damaged
- old RBCs become rigid and less flexible, increasing the risk of clogging small blood vessels.
- OLD rbc are broken down by macrophages (wbc) in the spleen, liver and bone marrow to maintain healthy circulation
vitamin B12 importance
Vitamin B12 is crucial for proper RBC production, and its deficiency results in anemia and lower hematocrit
Low B12 = Low RBC production = Lower hematocrit
RBC formation (Erythropoiesis)
Hungry Mighty People Bake Perfect Orange Rolls Everyday
Hemtopoietic Stem Cell
Myeloid Stem Cell
Proerythroblast
Basophilic Erythroblast - begin hemo
Polychromatic Erythroblast
Orthochromatic Erythroblast - ejects nucleus
Reticulocyte - immature RBC that enters circulaiton
Erythrocyte
ORDER: Precursors of the common pathway toward blood clotting
- Proaccelerin (V) & Stuart factor (X)
- Prothrombin activator
- Prothrombin
4.. Thrombin - Fibrinogen
- Fibrin
Four main defensive mechanisms to help eliminate pathogens
- Neutralization
- Agglutination
- Precipitation
- Complement Fixation=
igG
most abundant, crosses placenta
igA
found in mucus, tears, breast milk
igM
first antibody made during an infection
igE
invovled in allergies and parasite defense
igD
helps activate B cells
Trabecula of a lymph node
Afferent lymphatic Vessels
Hilum of a lymph node
Efferent lymphatic vessels
List the cells derived from the myeloid stem cell line.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Platelets (from megakaryocytes)
Neutrophils (a type of granulocyte)
Eosinophils (a type of granulocyte)
Basophils (a type of granulocyte)
Monocytes (which can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells)
List the cells derived from the lymphoid stem cell line.
B lymphocytes (B cells) – Can differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
T lymphocytes (T cells) – Includes Helper T cells (CD4+) and Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+).
Natural Killer (NK) cells – Attack virus-infected and cancerous cells.
Why is fibrinolysis necessary?
Fibrinolysis is necessary to break down blood clots after they are no longer needed, preventing excessive clotting and potential blockages in blood vessels.
Acquired Humoral defense (specific)
Mediated B lymphocytes (B cel)
Produces antibodies that circulate in the blood and target specific pathogens
B cells
Plasma cells
memory B cells
Immunoglobulins: igG, igA, igM, igE, igD) - type of antibodies
External Innate Defense (Nonspecific)
Works immediately
No memory
Skin
Mucous membranes
Tears , saliva, mucus
stomach acid (HCl)
Cilia in the respiratory tract
Cell Mediated Defense (Specific)
Part of adaptive immunity
Mediated T lymphocytes (Tcells)
does NOT use antibodies
effective against intraceullular pathogen
CD8+
CD4+
memory T cells
Internal Innate Defense (nonspecific)
NO memory but rapid response
Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammation
Fever
INterferon
Complement system
