exam 1

Question 1

The thickest layer of the heart wall is and function

Answer 1

Myocardium:
The myocardium is made up of cardiac muscle tissue and is responsible for pumping blood through contraction

Question 2

role of coronary artery

Answer 2

coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) itself. They ensure the heart receives the nutrients and oxygen it needs to function properly.

Question 3

name of the structure that prevents the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) from inverting during ventricular contraction?

Answer 3

chordae tendineae

Question 4

What is the name of the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart?

Answer 4

Fibrous pericardium: Tough, outer layer that protects and anchors the heart.

Serous pericardium: Inner layer with two parts (parietal and visceral layers), which reduce friction as the heart beats.

Question 5

Which blood vessels supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself

Answer 5

coronary artery

Question 6

What hormone class (lipid- or water-soluble) do all steroid hormones belong to?

Answer 6

lipid

Question 7

examples of steroid hormones

Answer 7

Cortisol (adrenal cortex): Regulates metabolism and stress response.

Aldosterone (adrenal cortex): Regulates sodium and potassium balance.

Testosterone (testes): Promotes male secondary sex characteristics.

Estrogen and Progesterone (ovaries): Regulate female reproductive functions.

Vitamin D derivatives: Regulate calcium absorption.

Question 8

What is the difference between glucagon and glycogen?

Answer 8

Glucagon:

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas.
Function: Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose, raising blood glucose levels.

Glycogen:

A storage form of glucose (a carbohydrate) found in the liver and muscles.
Function: Provides a readily available source of glucose for energy when needed

Question 9

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex, and what hormones does each layer produce?

Answer 9

Zona Glomerulosa (outermost layer):

Hormone: Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid).
Function: Regulates sodium and potassium balance.
Zona Fasciculata (middle layer):

Hormone: Cortisol (a glucocorticoid).
Function: Regulates metabolism, stress response, and immune suppression.
Zona Reticularis (innermost layer):

Hormone: Androgens (e.g., testosterone precursors).
Function: Contributes to secondary sex characteristics and libido.

Question 10

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing heart rate and blood pressure during the “fight or flight” response?

Answer 10

Epinephrine