Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Embryology/Histology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process of formation and development of specialized generative cells (gametes) from bipotential primordial germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When do females begin producing oocytes?

A

In utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When do males begin producing sperm?

A

At puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromatid

A

One of two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Centromere

A

Connect the two sister chromatids together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What forms a zygote?

A

The fusion of a sperm and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interphase I

A

Chromosomes replicate + centriole pairs replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Meiosis I

A

Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. Separates pairs of homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosomes condense + homologous chromosomes pair/exchange dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prometaphase I

A

Spindle apparatus forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous pairs arranged at metaphase plate (middle of cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated + pulled to opposite ends of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Telophase I

A

Nuclear membrane forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytokinesis I

A

Cytoplasm + cell membrane pinch off around the two new nuclei to form 2 haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tetrads

A

Homologous pairs that carry genes controlling the same inherited traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Karyotype

A

Method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to #, size, + type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Crossing over

A

Segments of no sister chromatids break + reattach to the other chromatid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the sites where cross over occurs called?

A

Chiasmata (chiasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prophase II

A

Chromosomes condense + nuclear membrane dissolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metaphase II

A

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes + they line up in middle of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anaphase II

A

Centromeres divide + sister chromatids move to opposite ends of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Telophase II + cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes reach opposite ends + nuclear membrane forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meiosis II

A

Produce 4 haploid daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone + luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Transformation of spermatogonia into mature sperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Last step of spermatogenesis. Process of sperm maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Spermatogonium

A

Undifferentiated male germ cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Spermatogonia type A dark

A

Do not undergo active mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Spermatogonia type A pale

A

Undergo active mitosis. Divide to produce type B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Spermatogonia type B cells

A

Divide to give rise to primary spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Somatic cells of the testes that are essential for testis formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Spermatogonium

A

First cells of spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Primary spermatocytes

A

Enter prophase I + appear larger than spermatogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A

Smaller than primary spermatocytes. Enter + complete meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Spermatids

A

Immature sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Mature human spermatozoon. Includes tail, head, + neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Capacitation

A

capacitated sperms bind to a glycoprotein on zona pellucida during fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How long do ejaculated sperm undergo capacitation for?

A

7 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Oogenesis

A

Look for video! Slides don’t make sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Perimetrium

A

Thin external layer of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Myometrium

A

Thick smooth muscle. Middle layer of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Endometrium

A

Thin, internal layer of uterus. Consists of compact layer, spongy layer, basal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Oocytes + hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates development of ovarian follicles + production of estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Trigger for ovulation + stimulates follicular cells + corpus luteinizing to produce progesterone

47
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Watch a video

48
Q

What is a mature follicle called?

A

Graafian follicle

49
Q

Menstrual phase

A

Functional layer of uterine wall is sloughed off due to decreased progesterone. Lasts 4-5 days

50
Q

Proliferation phase

A

9 days of follicular growth + endometrial thickness growth. More blood flow to tissue. Increased estrogen + progesterone levels

51
Q

Luteal phase

A

Endometrium becomes even thicker. Coincides with formation of corpus luteum

52
Q

Ischemia phase

A

Oocytes is not fertilized. Degeneration of luteum. Endometrial lining begins to breakdown

53
Q

What is the most common site for fertilization?

54
Q

When does fertilization occur?

A

12 hours after ovulation

55
Q

Cleavage

A

Series of mitotic divisions of the zygote

56
Q

Blastula

A

Zygote cytoplasm cleaved to form blastula

57
Q

What is a morula?

A

An inner cell mass + outer cell mass formed from blastomeres

58
Q

Blastocyte

A

Forms when fluid secreted within the morula forms a cavity

59
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer cell layer of blastocyte. Forms into the placenta

60
Q

Embryoblast

A

Inner cell mass of blastocyte

61
Q

Monozygotic/monoovular

A

1 fertilized egg splits into 2 developing zygotes. Identical twins, same sex

62
Q

Dizygotic/polyovular

A

2 sperm fertilize 2 ova. No identical twins

63
Q

Triploidy

A

3 pronuclei within 1 zygote

64
Q

Blastogenesis

A

3 days after fertilization morula forms + enters uterus. Cavity forms into morula converting it into the blastocyte

65
Q

Zona pellucida functions

A

Prevents premature implantation

66
Q

“Hatching”

A

Zona pellucida opens allowing blastocyst to implant

67
Q

Embryoblast

A

Inner cells of blastocyst

68
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer cells of blastocyst. Engulfs + destroy cells of uterine lining creating blood pools

69
Q

Early pregnancy factor (EPF)

A

Immunosuppressant. Released by trophoblast. Used to determine pregnancy

70
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Inner layer of trophoblast

71
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Outer layer of trophoblast. Multinucleated protoplasmic mass. Hydrolytic enzymes. Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin

72
Q

What does human chorionic gonadotropin do?

A

Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone

73
Q

What is the most common site of implantation in ectopic pregnancy?

A

fallopian tube

74
Q

Embryoblast differentiation

A

Inner cell mass subdivides into the bilaminar disc

75
Q

What does the epiblast form?

A

The embryo + extra-embryonic epithelial membrane

76
Q

What does the hypoblast form?

A

The primary yolk sac

77
Q

Day 8 after implantation: syncytiotrophoblast

A

WRITE OUT PROCESS IN PICTURES (END OF PWRPNT 2).

78
Q

Where does extrauterine implantation occur?

A

Tubes, abdominal cavity,

79
Q

Abortion

A

Premature stoppage of development + expulsion

80
Q

Threatened abortion

A

Bleeding, possible abortion. 25% pregnancy complications

81
Q

In threatened abortion, what percent of people do abort?

82
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

Natural occurrence before 20 weeks. Most common during 3rd week

83
Q

In threatened abortion, what percent of people do abort?

84
Q

Habitual abortion

A

Spontaneous expulsion of embryo in 3 or more consecutive pregnancies

85
Q

Induced abortion

A

Birth that is medically induced before 20 weeks

86
Q

Complete abortion

A

Everything is expelled (fetus + fetus membranes)

87
Q

Missed abortion

A

Retention of concepts in the uterus after death of the embryo

88
Q

Intrauterine fetal demise

A

Death of fetus after 20 weeks. AKA still birth

89
Q

Trilaminar disc

A

Forms in week 3

90
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process where 3 germ layers are established in the embryo

91
Q

what does the ectoderm become?

A

Becomes the epidermis, CNS/PNS + many connective tissues of head

92
Q

what does the mesoderm become?

A

Becomes skeletal muscle, blood cells, smooth muscle, serosal linings + most of cardiovascular system. All connective tissue in TRUNK ONLY

93
Q

what does the endoderm become?

A

Becomes epithelial linings of respiratory + alimentary tract, pancreas + liver

94
Q

What does the endoderm, ectoderm, + mesoderm form from?

95
Q

Primitive streak

A

Thickened linear band of epiblast appears. Creates craniocaudal axis

96
Q

Functions of notochord

A

Provides structure, skeletal foundation of vertebral column, forms the neural tube

97
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

Caudal to primitive streak + site of future anus

98
Q

What are the layers in the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

Ectoderm + endoderm

99
Q

Oropharyngeal membrane

A

Becomes the mouth

100
Q

Where do you only find endoderm + ectoderm?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane, median plane (cranial to primitive node), cloacal membrane

101
Q

Neural induction

A

Signals from the notochord telling ectoderm to become nervous system

102
Q

Formation of neural tube

A

Neural plate folds to become the neural crest. Neural crest closes off to form neural tube

103
Q

Closure of the neural tube

A

Closes cranially first, then caudally

104
Q

Step by step of neurulation

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Neural plate
  3. Neural groove
  4. Neural tube
  5. Neural crest cells
105
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Migratory cells. Give rise to spinal ganglia + ganglia of ANS. Becomes neurolemma (Schwann cells)

106
Q

How many somites are there in an embryo?

107
Q

What 3 categories do the somites develop into?

A

sclerotome, myotome, + dermatome

108
Q

What does the sclerotome become?

A

Vertebrae + ribs (axial skeleton)

109
Q

What does the myotome become?

110
Q

What does the dermatome become?

111
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Primary site of nutrient + gas exchange between mother + fetus

112
Q

Fetal part - placenta

A

Develops from chorionic sac (EEMD)

113
Q

Maternal part - placenta

A

Derived from the endometrium

114
Q

Functions of maternal placenta

A

Protection, nutrition, respiration, excretion, + hormone production

Embryology/Histology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions