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Embryology/Histology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

A branch of anatomy that deals with the minute structure of animal + plant tissues as discernible with the microscope

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2
Q

Fixation

A

Tissue samples placed in solutions of chemicals that will preserve the cell and tissue structure

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3
Q

Dehydration

A

Tissue is placed in a cassette, transferred through a series of concentrated alcohol to remove the water from the specimen

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4
Q

Clearing

A

An organic solution, that is miscible w/alcohol + paraffin, is used to remove the alcohol from the dehydrating step

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5
Q

Infiltration

A

Sample + cassette are placed in paraffin wax until it becomes infiltrated with the substance

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6
Q

Embedding

A

Sample is placed into a mold containing melted paraffin and cooled so it can harden

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7
Q

Trimming

A

Paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning utilizing an instrument (microtome) to shave off thin sheets to be placed on a slide

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8
Q

Mounting

A

Slide is stained and the preserved by adding a glass coverslip

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9
Q

Hematoxylin

A

Basic dye that binds to acidic components. Has a positive charge. Stains negative structures blue

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10
Q

Eosin

A

Acidic dye, binds to basic components. Has a negative charge. Stains positive structures pink to red

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11
Q

Collagen stains ____ color with the eosin dye

A

Pink

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12
Q

Cell nuclei stain _______ with hematoxylin

A

Purple

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13
Q

Giemsa-Wright Stain

A

Stains red blood cells red. Stains white blood cells purple

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14
Q

Silver stain

A

Stains fungi + reticular fibers of the lymph nodes

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15
Q

Periodic acid schiff (PAS) stains

A

Stain carbohydrates, glycogen, and mucus deep red

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16
Q

Toluidine blue

A

Stains mast cells purple and everything else blue

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17
Q

Tissue composition

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

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18
Q

Organ composition

A

Parenchyma and stroma

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19
Q

Parenchyma

A

Cells that perform the function of the organ

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20
Q

Stroma

A

Supporting tissue

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21
Q

Functions of epithelium

A

Covering of external surfaces, lining of internal surfaces, protection, absorption, secretion, sensation, and contraction

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22
Q

Two kinds of epithelium

A

Cover + lining epithelium and glandular epithelium

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23
Q

Epithelium structure consists of?

A

Basement membrane, connections between cells, and specialized apical structures

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24
Q

Basement membrane

A

Consists of the basal laminate and the reticular lamina

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25
Q

Basal lamina

A

Connects directly to the epithelial tissues. Lamina lucida (loose) layer. Lamina densa (dense) layer

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26
Q

What is the protein in the lamina lucida?

A

Laminin

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27
Q

What is the protein in the lamina densa?

A

Type IV collagen + perlecan

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28
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Connects the basal lamina to the underlying connective tissue

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29
Q

What is the reticular lamina made up of?

A

Reticular fibers, anchoring fibrils, and anchoring plaques

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30
Q

Functions of the basal lamina

A

Structure, organization, and filtration

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31
Q

Intercellular junctions

A

Present in most tissues but more prominent in epithelial tissue

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32
Q

What are the intercellular junctions?

A

Tight junctions, adherens junction, desmosomes, gap junctions, and hemidesosomes

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33
Q

Tight junctions (zonula occludens)

A

Most apical junction. Forms bands that completely encircle each cell. Zonula occludens will fuse the membranes of adjacent cells to seal off the intercellular space.

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34
Q

What are the proteins in tight junctions?

A

Claudins and occludins

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35
Q

Belt desmosomes (zona adherens)

A

Forms a band that encircles each cell. A thick filament in the cytoplasm insert into attachment plaques

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36
Q

What are the proteins in belt desmosomes?

A

Cadherin and catenin

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37
Q

Spot desmosomes (macula adherens)

A

Spot adhesion between cells. Cytokeratin filaments insert into plaques in cell membrane. Provide strong attachment point between cells

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38
Q

What is the protein in spot desmosomes?

A

Cadherins

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39
Q

What are the proteins in the attachment plaques of the spot desmosomes?

A

Desmoplakin + plakoglobin

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40
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Uses integrins to attache to the epithelial cells to basal lamina

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41
Q

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

A

Occur anywhere along lateral surface of cells. Allows ions + other small molecules to pass through to facilitate cellular communication

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42
Q

What is the protein in gap junctions?

A

Connexons

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43
Q

Tight junction major functions

A

Seals adjacent cells to one another, controlling passage of molecules between them, separates apical and basolateral membrane domains

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44
Q

Adherens junction major function

A

Provide points linking the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells, strengthens + stabilizes nearby tight junctions

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45
Q

Desmosomes major functions

A

Provides points of strong intermediate filament coupling between adjacent cells, strengthening the tissue

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46
Q

Hemidesmosome major functions

A

Anchors cytoskeleton to the basal lamina

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47
Q

Gap junction major functions

A

Allows direct transfer of small molecules and ions from one cell to another

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48
Q

Microvilli

A

Have a central core of actin filaments. Uniform in length and densely packed. Also called brush border

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49
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli?

A

Increase the surface area for absorption or secretion

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50
Q

Stereocilia

A

Long, non-motile projections that are similar to microvilli in structure. Found in parts of the male reproductive system + inner ear

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51
Q

What is the function of stereocilia?

A

Assist with absorption

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52
Q

Cilia

A

Long and wide projections. Perform a rapid beating pattern that moves fluid + suspended matter in one direction along epithelium

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53
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flat. Width > height

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54
Q

Cubodial cells

A

Square, round. Width = height

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55
Q

Columnar cells

A

Tall and slender. Width < height

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56
Q

Endothelium

A

A layer of simple squamous epithelia that lines the blood vessels, lymph vessels, the inner surface of the cornea, heart, lungs, nerves and muscles

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57
Q

Mesothelium

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelia that lines large body cavities and secretes a lubricant film called serous fluid

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58
Q

Simple squamous

A

Lining of vessels (endothelium), serous lining of cavities, pericardium, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelium)

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59
Q

Simple squamous function

A

Facilitates the movement of visceral, active transport by pinocytosis, secretion of biologically active molecules

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60
Q

Simple cubodial

A

Covering the ovary and thyroid

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61
Q

Simple cuboidal function

A

Covering and secretion

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62
Q

Simple columnar

A

Lining of the intestine + gallbladder

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63
Q

Simple columnar function

A

Protection, lubrication, absorption, and secretion

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64
Q

Stratified squamous keratinized

A

Epidermis

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65
Q

Stratified squamous keratinized function

A

Protection and prevents water loss

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66
Q

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

A

Found in mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, and anal canal

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67
Q

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized functions

A

Protection, secretion, and prevents water loss

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68
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Sweat glands and developing ovarian follicles

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69
Q

Stratified cuboidal functions

A

Protection and secretion

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70
Q

Stratified transitional

A

Bladder, ureters, and renal calyces

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71
Q

Stratified transitional functions

A

Protection and distensibility

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72
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Makes up the conjuctiva

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73
Q

Stratified columnar function

A

Protection

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74
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Layers of cells with nuclei at different levels. Not all cells reach the apical surface but all cells adhere to basal surface

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75
Q

Pseudostratified cells

A

Line the trachea, bronchi, and nasal cavity

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76
Q

Pseudostratified cell function

A

Protection, secretion, cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus out of the air passages

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77
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Found in simple columnar, simple cubodial, and Pseudostratified epithelia. Most commonly goblet cells

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78
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete lubricating mucus and aids in the function of the organs they are found in

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79
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Remain connected with the surface epithelium forming tubular ducts that lead to another organ/body surface, where secretion is used

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80
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Lose the connection to their original epithelium and lack ducts

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81
Q

Where are endocrine glands found?

A

Capillaries (thin walled blood vessels)

82
Q

Types of exocrine secretion

A

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

83
Q

Merocrine

A

Secretion that releases products (usually containing proteins) by vessels at the apical end of the cell

84
Q

Apocrine

A

Secretion involves the loss of membrane-enclosed apical cytoplasm

85
Q

What is an example of apocrine glands?

A

Mammary glands

86
Q

Holocrine

A

Secretion is produced by the disintegration of the secretory cells themselves as they complete their terminal differentiation

87
Q

What is an example of holocrine glands?

A

Sebaceous glands of hair follicles

88
Q

Serous secretion

A

Excretes proteins that are mostly NOT glycosylated. Stain intensely with basophilic/acidophilic stains

89
Q

Examples of serous secretion

A

Acini of the pancreas and the parotid salivary gland

90
Q

Mucous secretion

A

Excretes heavily glyosylated proteins (mucins). Stain poorly with eosin/hematoxylin, but stains well with PAS

91
Q

Example of mucous secretion

A

Goblet cells

92
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile cells at the basal end of secretory cells. Bonded to the basal lamina. Contains both actin and myosin filaments to perform contraction + propel secretory products from the duct into the duct system

93
Q

Metaplasia

A

The process of one type of epithelial tissue undergoing a transformation to another type of tissue. Reversible process

94
Q

Anaplasia

A

The formation of a cancerous growth. Lose all identifiable/specialized features

95
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nerve

96
Q

What are tissues composed of?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

97
Q

Functions of tissue

A

Support, packing, storage, transport, repair, and defense

98
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

The major component of most types of connective tissue

99
Q

Types of specialized connective tissue

A

Adipose tissue, hematopoietic tissue, and lymphoid tissue

100
Q

Types of supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone

101
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Surrounds delicate vessels, scaffolds lymph nodes, connects bones, and supports skin

102
Q

What does connective tissue develop from?

A

A precursor tissue called mesenchyme

103
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

An undifferentiated tissue present only in early embryonic life. Gives rise to all connective tissue piles vessels and smooth muscles

104
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

Protein fibers and ground substance

105
Q

What are the protein fibers in ECM?

A

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

106
Q

What makes up the ground substance in ECM?

A

Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

107
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Flexible, non-extensible. Made of polypeptide chains

108
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Stretchy. Made of elastic and fibrillin

109
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Fine, delicate fibers found in most notably immune organs

110
Q

Type 1 collagen function

A

Resistance to tension

111
Q

Type 1 collagen locations

A

Skin, bones, tendons, and organ capsules

112
Q

Type II collagen function

A

Resistance to pressure

113
Q

Type II collagen location

A

Cartilage

114
Q

Type III collagen function

A

Delicate, flexible structural support

115
Q

Type III collagen location

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, basement membrane

116
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

Tropocollagen is synthesized by fibroblasts + released into extracellular space where it is polymerized to form collagen fibrils

117
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Build collagen

118
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bones

119
Q

Odontoblasts

A

Builds teeth

120
Q

Structure of elastic fibers

A

Composed of an elastin core (amorphous) surrounded by microfibrils (composed of fibrillin)

121
Q

Where are elastic fibers found?

A

Ligamentum flava, ligamentum nuchae, and large arteries

122
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Chains of disaccharides

123
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Type of GAG that does NOT need a core protein

124
Q

All other GAGs

A

Short and ALWAYS bound to a core protein

125
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Consist of a protein core with a bunch of attached GAGs. Contain more carbohydrate than protein

126
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Globular proteins with attached carbohydrates. Contain more protein than carbohydrates

127
Q

Fibronectin

A

Present throughout connective tissue. Mediates normal cell adhesions and migration

128
Q

Laminin

A

Present in basal lamina. Helps epithelial cells stick to basal lamina. Important in cell differentiation and migration

129
Q

Types of fixed (intrinsic) cells

A

Fibroblasts + fibrocytes, mesenchymal cells, adipocyte, and fixed macrophages

130
Q

Fixed cells function

A

Production and maintenance of ECM

131
Q

Free (extrinsic) cells

A

Free macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and leukocytes

132
Q

Free cells function

A

Tissue reaction to injury or invasion of microorganisms

133
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Spindle-shaped. Most common in connective tissue. Make collagen, elastin, and ground substance

134
Q

Adipocytes

A

Store lipid. Incapable of division. Appears as a large empty space

135
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Undifferentiated cells. Stellate shape. Near blood vessels

136
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

Irregular shape with dark indented eccentric nucleus. Strongly acidophilic. Derived from monocytes. Actively mobile + leave the blood stream to enter connective tissues. Involved in phagocytosis

137
Q

Plasma cells

A

Oval basophilic cells with eccentric nucleus that has a “cartwheel” appearance. Derived from B lymphocytes. Present in respiratory + GI tracts

138
Q

Mast cells

A

Found near blood vessels in skin + mucosal linings. Vesicles with granules that contain histamine, heparin, and other chemicals that cause vasodilation + anticoagulant properties

139
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

140
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

141
Q

4 types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose areolar, loose reticular, dense regular, and dense irregular

142
Q

Dense regular function

A

Resists stretching forces in ONE direction

143
Q

Dense regular location

A

Tendons and ligaments

144
Q

Dense irregular function

A

Resists stretching forces in multiple directions

145
Q

Dense irregular location

A

Dermis and organ capsules

146
Q

Loose areolar function

A

Provides delicate support and cushioning

147
Q

Loose areolar location

A

Under epithelium and around blood vessels

148
Q

Loose reticular function

A

Provides a flexible structural framework

149
Q

Loose reticular locations

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

150
Q

Dense regular appearance

A

Thick, pink collagen bundles all parallel to each other

151
Q

Dense irregular appearnace

A

Thick, pink collagen bundles running in different directions

152
Q

Loose areolar appearance

A

Lots of ground substance with scattered cells and thin fibers

153
Q

Loose reticular appearance

A

Delicate network of fine type III collagen (reticular) fibers

154
Q

Metabolic activity of bone? Blood supply of bone? Does bone heal?

A

Highly active; good blood supply; yes

155
Q

Metabolic activity of cartilage? Blood supply of cartilage? Does cartilage heal?

A

No activity; no blood supply; does not heal

156
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Cells that will differentiate into chondrocytes

157
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells that lie in lacunae

158
Q

What is collagen extracellular matrix composed of?

A

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, GAGs, and proteoglycans

159
Q

Perichondrium

A

Covers the surface of the hyaline + elastic cartilage. Layer of dense connective tissue with fibroblast and type I collagen. No blood vessels

160
Q

Hyaline cartilage is made of ______

A

Type II collagen fibers

161
Q

Elastic cartilage is made of ______

A

Type II collagen fibers + elastic fibers

162
Q

Fibrocartilage is made of ________

A

Type I collagen fibers

163
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A

Supports soft tissue, lines joints, and growth of bones

164
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

Lines articular surfaces if the joints, large respiratory passages, and epiphyseal plates

165
Q

What type of cartilage is the most abundant?

A

Hyaline cartilage

166
Q

Chondromas

A

Benign tumors from cartilage cells

167
Q

Chondrosacrcomas

A

Malignant tumors from cartilage cells

168
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

Pliable and flexible ares. Pina of the ear, external auditory canal, auditory (eustachian) tube, epiglottis, and larynx

169
Q

Fibrocartilage location

A

Areas subject to pulling forces. Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, + attachment for tendons and ligaments

170
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

Provides cushioning, tensile strength, and resistance to tearing and compression

171
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

Provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues

172
Q

Interstitial cartilage growth

A

Growth within the cartilage. Chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix

173
Q

Appositional cartilage growth

A

Growth along the outside of the cartilage. Chrondroblasts secrete matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes

174
Q

Epiphyseal (growth) plate

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage that lets the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

175
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

When bone stops growing in length the hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone

176
Q

Compact (lamellar) bone

A

Tightly compacted osseous material

177
Q

Spongy (trabecular) bone

A

Looks like a sponge or lattice

178
Q

Cells within the bone

A

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteaclasts

179
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce organic part of bone matrix. Make bone

180
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintenance of bone matrix. Their death results in reabsorption of bone matrix

181
Q

What promotes bone formation?

A

Testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone, weight-bearing exercise, and muscle use

182
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Reabsorb osteoclasts adjacent to bone. Have multiple nuclei. Act as lysosomes

183
Q

Immature (primary or woven) bone

A

First bone laid down during development. Formed quickly. Unorganized

184
Q

Mature (secondary or lamellar) bone

A

Arranged into ostensibly. Organized

185
Q

What are the parts of the Haversian system?

A

Osteons, lacunae + canals, lamellae, and canals in the bone

186
Q

Osteons

A

Components of compact bone tissue arranged in concentric structural units. Form in the same direction as the stress lines

187
Q

What do Osteons provide?

A

Protection, support, and stress of body weight

188
Q

Lacunae and canals

A

The bone matrix is calcified trapping osteocytes in lacunae. Osteocytes maintain the calcified matrix and receive nutrients from central canals + canaliculi

189
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Rings of calcified extracellular matrix around the Haversian canals

190
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

The areas between osteons

191
Q

Volkamnn’s (perforating) canals

A

Horizontal canals for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Connects the periosteum to the medullary cavity

192
Q

Haversian (central) canals

A

Vertical canals for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

193
Q

Piezoelectric effect

A

The property of some materials to convert mechanical energy to electrical current

194
Q

Periosteum

A

Lines the outer surface of compact bone. Contains an outer layer of dense connective tissue. Internal layer includes osteoblasts + mesenchymal cells

195
Q

Endosteum

A

Covers the internal surface of the cell including the small trabeculae + haversian canals

196
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Bone development

197
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid

198
Q

Intramembranous ossification process

A
  1. Mesenchyme condenses
  2. Ossification centers form
  3. Mesenchyme becomes osteoblasts
  4. Osteoids are produced
  5. Osteoids are calcified
  6. Neighboring ossification centers merge together to form woven bone
  7. Periosteum starts to form
  8. Lamellar, compact bone + spongy bone layers form
199
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded + invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin osteoid production

200
Q

Endochondral ossification process

A
  1. Cartilage model is formed in-utero
  2. Bone collar forms which suffocate cartilage cells
  3. Blood cells bring in osteoprogenitor cells
  4. Primary ossification centers form from osteoprogenitor in diaphysis
  5. Lamellar bone forms in shaft
  6. Secondary ossification centers develop at birth in epiphysis of bones
  7. Epiphyseal plates stay open /grow until a person is fully grown

Embryology/Histology (1 decks)

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