Exam 2 Flashcards
(257 cards)
1
Q
sarco-
A
means flesh in greek
2
Q
myo-
A
mean muscle in greek
3
Q
why are muscles called fibers?
A
b/c they are longer than they are wider
4
Q
types of muscle cells
A
smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
5
Q
skeletal muscle activity
A
strong, quick discontinuous voluntary contraction
6
Q
cardiac muscle activity
A
strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction
7
Q
smooth muscle activity
A
weak, slow involuntary contraction
8
Q
skeletal muscle location
A
near bones
9
Q
skeletal muscle nuclei
A
many, flat, + peripheral
10
Q
are skeletal muscles striated?
A
yes
11
Q
blood supply to skeletal muscles
A
moderate
12
Q
myofibrils
A
small cylindrical filaments. made of myofilaments
13
Q
myofilaments
A
actin + myosin
14
Q
myofibers
A
1 muscle cell. made of a bunch of myofibrils
15
Q
fascicles
A
a bunch of myofibers grouped together
16
Q
epimysium
A
dense layer of connective tissue that surround an entire muscle
17
Q
perimysium
A
connective tissue that surrounds each fasicle
18
Q
endomysium
A
delicate connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell
19
Q
A band
A
thick + thin filaments, run entire length of sarcomere
20
Q
I band
A
thin filaments in sarcomere
21
Q
M line
A
where myosin filaments are anchored
22
Q
H band
A
ONLY thick filaments. shortens/disappears in contraction
23
Q
Z line
A
where thin filaments attach and sarcomere ends
24
Q
sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle, surrounds each myofibril
25
what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release?
calcium ions
26
transverse (T) tubules
penetrates the muscle fiber at the A-I band junction + lies next to the surface of myofibrils
27
cardiac muscle cell structure
branched + striated. contain intercalated disks
28
intercalated disks
specialized gap junctions
29
smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs, walls of larger blood vessels, + the eye
30
shape of smooth muscle cells
fusiform or spindle, with 1 central nucleus
31
dense bodies
anchor sites for actin/myosin filament bundles in smooth muscle
32
dense bodies location
inside of sarcolemma + scattered throughout cytoplasm
33
cardiac muscle location
heart wall
34
cardiac cell nuclei
1-2 per cell. central
35
smooth cell nuclei
1 per cell. central
36
are cardiac cells striated?
yes
37
are smooth cells striated?
no
38
skeletal muscle t-tubules
at junction of A-I bands. form triads
39
cardiac muscle t-tubules
at z lines. form diads
40
cardiac muscle motor control
involuntary
41
smooth muscle motor control
involuntary
42
cardiac muscle blood supply
extensive
43
smooth muscle blood supply
less abundant
44
nucleus
group of nerve cells in the CNS
45
ganglion
mass of nerve tissue containing nerve cells, external to the brain or spinal cord
46
neurons
nerve cells
47
glial cells
supporting cells of the nervous system
48
examples of glial cells
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, schwann cells
49
neurons
functional unit of nervous system. conducts impulses
50
sensory (afferent) neurons
conveys nerve impulses TOWARD the CNS
51
motor (efferent) neurons
conveys nerve impulses AWAY from the CNS
52
interneurons
located in CNS. motor and sensory functions
53
cell body of neuron
single nucleus, cytoplasm, + organelles
54
dendrites of neuron
receive nerve impulses + carry them to the cell body
55
axons of neuron
carry nerve impulses away from the cell body + toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland
56
axon terminals
terminal branches at the end of an axon
57
synaptic end bulbs
distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles
58
synaptic vesicles
membrane enclosed sacs located within the synaptic end bulb containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)
59
neurotransmitter
chemical released by the motor neuron to allow for communication w/an effector
60
astrocyte function
structural support, blood brain barrier, materials for NTs
61
astrocyte location
CNS
62
oligodendrocyte function
makes myelin in CNS
63
oligodendrocytes location
CNS
64
schwann cells function
make myelin in the PNS
65
schwann cells location
PNS
66
ependymal cells function
line cavities of the CNS and help produce CSF
67
ependymal cells locations
CNS
68
microglial cells function
eats up debris + dead cells. participate in immune response for infections
69
microglial cells location
CNS
70
what is another name for schwann cells?
neurolemmocytes
71
white matter
myelinated axons of neurons
72
gray matter
nerve cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia
73
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the brain. can find gray matter here
74
meninges
protective tissue layers surrounding brain + spinal cord
75
dura mater
outermost layer. dense connective tissue
76
arachnoid mater
middle layer. connects dura and pia mater together
77
pia mater
innermost. loose connective tissue tightly adherent to surface of brain/spinal cord
78
glymphatic system
flushes waste from the brain at night
79
blood brain barrier
prevents passage of some drugs + toxins from blood into CNS tissue
80
why does the blood brain barrier exist?
bc capillaries in the brain are less permeable
81
what does the blood brain barrier contain
astrocyte foot processes + endothelial cell tight junctions
82
plasticity
ability of the brain to change/rewire based on experiences. constant throughout life
83
what encourages plasticity to occur?
neurotropic factors
84
PNS regeneration
can repair damaged dendrites or axons slowly
85
CNS regeneration
little to no repairs are possible
86
how much can a neuron grow in a month?
2 inches
87
how can a nerve be repaired?
surgically
88
multiple sclerosis
auto-immune disease that causes progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS
89
what causes MS?
it is unknown but possibly genetic susceptibility + environmental factors
90
Guillain-Barre syndrome
acute demyelinating disorder where marcophages strip the myelin sheath from axons in the PNS
91
what might cause guillain barre syndrome?
bacterial infections
92
function of circulatory system
pumps blood + cells to most tissues of the body
93
what lines the vessels + muscles of circulatory system?
simple squamous epithelium
94
heart
4 chambers that allow for rhythmic contraction
95
endocardium
lining with a supportive layer of fibroelastic connective tissue. within the heart
96
subendothelial layer
contains purkinje fibers in the heart
97
myocardium
muscle fibers arranged in spirals around the heart chambers
98
what part of the heart has thicker myocardium?
left ventricle
99
why is the myocardium thicker in the left ventricle?
uses more force during contraction
100
epicardium
secretes serous fluid to decrease friction when beating
101
chemical impulse flow
SA node (pacemaker) > AV node > bundle of his > L/R bundles > purkinje fibers
102
vasculogenesis
formation of vasculature in mesenchyme in embryo
103
angiogensis
growth and maintenance of existing blood vessel networks during growth + tissue repair
104
VEGf
stimulates ALL growth of new blood vessels in embryo. controls vasculogenesis
105
internal tunica intima
endothelium + subendothelial. most internal layer of vessel walls
106
middle tunica media
concentric layers of smooth muscle interposed between elastic fibers, reticular fibers, + proteoglycans. middle layer of vessel walls
107
external tunica externa
connective tissue. continuous + bound to stroma of organ. extrenal layer of vessel walls
108
vasa vasorum
tiny blood vessels in the wall of large blood vessels
109
what is in the tunica intima in the arteries?
internal elastic lamina
110
what is in the tunica media in arteries?
external elastic lamina
111
elastic arteries tunica intima
endothelium, connective tissue w/smooth muscle
112
muscular arteries tunica intima
endothelium, connective tissue w/smooth muscle, internal elastic lamina
113
small arteries tunica intima
endothelium, less connective tissue
114
arterioles tunica intima
endothelium
115
capillaries tunica intima
endothelium only
116
venules tunica intima
endothelium, no valves
117
small veins tunica intima
endothelium, connective tissue w/scattered smooth muscle fibers
118
medium veins tunica intima
endothelium, connective tissue w/valves
119
large veins tunica intima
endothelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle cells, prominent valves
120
large veins tunica media
> 5 layers of smooth muscle w/collagen
121
medium veins tunica media
3-5 layers of smooth muscle
122
small veins tunica media
thin, 2-3 loose smooth muscles cells
123
venules tunica media
pericytes + scattered smooth muscle cells
124
capillaries veins tunica media
few pericytes only
125
arterioles veins tunica media
1-3 layers of smooth muscle
126
small arteries tunica media
3-10 layers of smooth muscle
127
medium arteries tunica media
many smooth muscle layers. minimal elastic material
128
large arteries tunica media
many elastic lamellae with smooth muscle
129
large arteries tunica extrena
connective tissue with vaso vasorum
130
medium arteries tunica extrena
connective tissue with vaso vasorum
131
small arteries tunica extrena
connective tissue
132
arterioles tunica extrena
very thin connective tissue layer
133
capillaries tunica extrena
NONE
134
venules tunica extrena
NONE
135
small veins tunica extrena
connective tissue
136
medium veins tunica extrena
longitudinal smooth muscle
137
large veins tunica extrena
longitudinal smooth muscle
138
lymph system
interstitial fluid
139
blood composition
plasma, erythrocytes, + buffy coat
140
plasma pH range
7.35-7.45
141
what % of blood composition is plasma?
55%
142
what % of blood composition is the buffy coat?
1%
143
what % of blood composition is erythrocytes?
45%
144
what is the most abundant protein in plasma?
albumin
145
albumin function
maintains osmotic pressure
146
what is the 2nd most abundant protein in plasma?
globulins
147
what is the 3rd most abundant protein in plasma?
fibrinogen
148
what is the least abundant protein in plasma?
regulatory proteins
149
red blood cells (RBCs) shape
biconcave, no nuclei
150
where are RBCs produced?
red bone marrow
151
normal amount of RBCs
3.9-6.6 million/microliter
152
RBC function
transport oxygen
153
hemaglobin
binds to oxygen, up to 4 times
154
since hemoglobin has no mitochondria, what does it rely on?
anerobic glycolysis
155
life span of a RBC
120 days
156
leukocytes
perform various immune functions after leaving the blood stream
157
granulocytes
polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct lobes
158
types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinphils, + basophils
159
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes + monocytes
160
agranulocytes
lack granules
161
most abundant granulocyte
neutrophils
162
least abundant granulocyte
basophils
163
neutrophil function
kill and phagocytose bacteria
164
how many lobes does neutrophils have?
3-5 lobes
165
how many lobes does eosinophils have?
2 (bilobed)
166
eosinophil function
kill helminthic + other parasites. modulate local imflammation
167
basophil function
modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy
168
how many lobes does basophils have?
bilobed or S shaped
169
what is the most abundant agranulocyte?
lymphocytes
170
what is the least abundant agranulocyte?
monocytes
171
lymphocytes shape
spherical
172
monocytes shape
indented or c-shaped
173
lymphocytes function
adaptive immunity
174
monocytes function
precursors of macrophages + mononuclear phagocytic cells
175
platelets
small, non-nucleated membrane
176
where do platelets originate from?
megalokaryocytes (bone marrow cells)
177
what surrounds a platelet + helps with adhesion?
glycocalyx
178
platelet function
contain blood loss. clot/coagulate
179
digestive organs
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestines, small intestines, anal canal
180
accessory digestive organs
parotid salivary gland, teeth, tongue, sublingual salivary gland, submandibular salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
181
what is another name for the gastro-intestinal tract?
alimentary canal
182
GI tract function
obtain molecules that are ingested for maintenance, growth, + energy needs of the body
183
mucosa
innermost layer of GIT. epithelial lining w/lamina propria of loose connective tissue
184
mucosa characteristics
rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells + glands
185
what separates the mucosa from the submucosa?
muscularis musculae
186
submucosa
denser connective tissue
187
submucosa characteristics
large blood vessels + submucosal plexus (Meissner)
188
muscularis layer
smooth muscle arranged in 2 or more layers
189
muscularis layer characteristics
myenteric (Auerbach) plexus between layers
190
what are the names of the layers in the muscularis?
internal + external
191
serosa
thin sheet of connective tissue. covered in mesothelium. outer most layer
192
oral cavity type of epithelial
stratified squamous epithelium
193
where in the oral cavity is keratin stratified squamous located?
gums + hard palate
194
where in the oral cavity is non-keratin stratified squamous located?
cheeks, floor + pharynx
195
tongue
striated skeletal muscle. fibers orientated in all directions
196
teeth
32 permanent adult teeth
197
teeth crowns
visible teeth with 1-2 roots
198
what covers crowns of the tooth?
hard acellular enamel
199
what is most of the tooth composed of?
dentin
200
esophagus tissue
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
201
what kind of muscle is the upper 1/3 of the esophagus?
skeletal muscle
202
what kind of muscle is the lower 1/3 of the esophagus?
smooth muscle
203
stomach tissue
stratified squamous becomes columnar epithelial
204
stomach digestion
continued digestion of carbs/fats + begin digestion for proteins + triglycerides
205
where is the only place you can find 3 muscularis layers?
the stomach
206
surface mucous cell
secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin
207
mucous neck cell
secretes acidic fluid containing mucin
208
parietal cell
secretes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
209
chief cell
secretes pepsinogen + gastric lipase
210
G cell
enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin into the blood
211
angiopoietins
remodels vascular structures in adults. controls angiogenesis
212
what occurs in the small intestines?
digestive processes are complete
213
continuous capillary
found in most places
214
fenestrated capillary
found in endocrine organs, intestinal wall, choroid plexus
215
sinusoid capillary
found in bone marrow, liver, spleen
216
stomach, type of epithelium
columnar epithelium
217
small intestine, type of epithelium
columnar epithelium
218
large intestine, type of epithelium
columnar epithelium
219
rectum, type of epithelium
simple columnar
220
anus, type of epithelium
stratified squamous
221
plicae circularis
small permanent circular folds
222
MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
223
respiratory epithelium
mucosa having ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
224
tracheobronchial tree
trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs
225
vestibules of nasal cavity tissue
stratified squamous, keratinized to nonkeratinized
226
nasal cavity tissue
respiratory epithelium
227
superior areas of nasal cavity tissue
olfactory epithelium
228
nasopharynx/oropharynx tissue
respiratory and stratified squamous
229
larynx tissue
respiratory and stratified squamous
230
trachea tissue
respiratory epithelium
231
bronchi tissue
respiratory epithelium
232
bronchioles tissue
simple ciliated cubodial to columnar
233
terminal bronchioles tissue
simple cubodial
234
respiratory bronchioles tissue
simple cubodial
235
alveolar ducs/sacs tissue
simple cubodial
236
alveoli tissue
types I and II alveolar cells
237
how many layers are in the epidermis in the hands and feet?
5
238
how many layers are in the epidermis in the rest of the body?
4
239
stratum basale
inner most epidermis layer. mitotically active cubodial cells. contains tactile cells
240
stratum spinosum
polyhedral cells attached together by desmosomes. initiate immune response. second most outer layer
241
stratum granulosum
thin, flattened layer of keratinocytes
242
stratum corneum
outer most layer. protects against water loss, friction, + microbial invasion
243
stratum lucidum
only found in hands and feet. deep only to startum corenum
244
merkel cells
determines light touch. found in basal layer
245
meissner corpuscle
light touch. in epidermis and dermis
246
pacinian corpuscle
preserve vibration
247
free nerve endings
mechanical, temperature, light touch. in epidermis and dermis
248
thin papillary layer
includes dermal papillae. loose connective tissue. type I + III collagen
249
thick reticular layer
dense irregular connective tissue. type I collagen
250
subpapillary plexus
microvascular plexus that gets blood to bottom layer of epidermis
251
urinary muscular tubes
connect kidneys to the bladder
252
tissue of the ureters
transitional epithelium
253
urinary bladder tissue
transitional epithelium
254
detrusor muscle
muscular layer in the urinary bladder
255
proximal urethra tissue
transitional epithelium
256
distal urethra tissue
stratified squamous epithelium
257
what cells surround the capillaries in the renal corpuscle?
podocytes
