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Embryology/Histology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sarco-

A

means flesh in greek

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2
Q

myo-

A

mean muscle in greek

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3
Q

why are muscles called fibers?

A

b/c they are longer than they are wider

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4
Q

types of muscle cells

A

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

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5
Q

skeletal muscle activity

A

strong, quick discontinuous voluntary contraction

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6
Q

cardiac muscle activity

A

strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction

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7
Q

smooth muscle activity

A

weak, slow involuntary contraction

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8
Q

skeletal muscle location

A

near bones

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9
Q

skeletal muscle nuclei

A

many, flat, + peripheral

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10
Q

are skeletal muscles striated?

A

yes

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11
Q

blood supply to skeletal muscles

A

moderate

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12
Q

myofibrils

A

small cylindrical filaments. made of myofilaments

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13
Q

myofilaments

A

actin + myosin

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14
Q

myofibers

A

1 muscle cell. made of a bunch of myofibrils

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15
Q

fascicles

A

a bunch of myofibers grouped together

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16
Q

epimysium

A

dense layer of connective tissue that surround an entire muscle

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17
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds each fasicle

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18
Q

endomysium

A

delicate connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell

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19
Q

A band

A

thick + thin filaments, run entire length of sarcomere

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20
Q

I band

A

thin filaments in sarcomere

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21
Q

M line

A

where myosin filaments are anchored

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22
Q

H band

A

ONLY thick filaments. shortens/disappears in contraction

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23
Q

Z line

A

where thin filaments attach and sarcomere ends

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24
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle, surrounds each myofibril

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25
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release?

A

calcium ions

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26
Q

transverse (T) tubules

A

penetrates the muscle fiber at the A-I band junction + lies next to the surface of myofibrils

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27
Q

cardiac muscle cell structure

A

branched + striated. contain intercalated disks

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28
Q

intercalated disks

A

specialized gap junctions

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29
Q

smooth muscle location

A

walls of hollow organs, walls of larger blood vessels, + the eye

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30
Q

shape of smooth muscle cells

A

fusiform or spindle, with 1 central nucleus

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31
Q

dense bodies

A

anchor sites for actin/myosin filament bundles in smooth muscle

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32
Q

dense bodies location

A

inside of sarcolemma + scattered throughout cytoplasm

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33
Q

cardiac muscle location

A

heart wall

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34
Q

cardiac cell nuclei

A

1-2 per cell. central

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35
Q

smooth cell nuclei

A

1 per cell. central

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36
Q

are cardiac cells striated?

A

yes

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37
Q

are smooth cells striated?

A

no

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38
Q

skeletal muscle t-tubules

A

at junction of A-I bands. form triads

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39
Q

cardiac muscle t-tubules

A

at z lines. form diads

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40
Q

cardiac muscle motor control

A

involuntary

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41
Q

smooth muscle motor control

A

involuntary

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42
Q

cardiac muscle blood supply

A

extensive

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43
Q

smooth muscle blood supply

A

less abundant

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44
Q

nucleus

A

group of nerve cells in the CNS

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45
Q

ganglion

A

mass of nerve tissue containing nerve cells, external to the brain or spinal cord

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46
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

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47
Q

glial cells

A

supporting cells of the nervous system

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48
Q

examples of glial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, schwann cells

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49
Q

neurons

A

functional unit of nervous system. conducts impulses

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50
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

conveys nerve impulses TOWARD the CNS

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51
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

conveys nerve impulses AWAY from the CNS

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52
Q

interneurons

A

located in CNS. motor and sensory functions

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53
Q

cell body of neuron

A

single nucleus, cytoplasm, + organelles

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54
Q

dendrites of neuron

A

receive nerve impulses + carry them to the cell body

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55
Q

axons of neuron

A

carry nerve impulses away from the cell body + toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland

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56
Q

axon terminals

A

terminal branches at the end of an axon

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57
Q

synaptic end bulbs

A

distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles

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58
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

membrane enclosed sacs located within the synaptic end bulb containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

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59
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released by the motor neuron to allow for communication w/an effector

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60
Q

astrocyte function

A

structural support, blood brain barrier, materials for NTs

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61
Q

astrocyte location

A

CNS

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62
Q

oligodendrocyte function

A

makes myelin in CNS

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63
Q

oligodendrocytes location

A

CNS

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64
Q

schwann cells function

A

make myelin in the PNS

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65
Q

schwann cells location

A

PNS

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66
Q

ependymal cells function

A

line cavities of the CNS and help produce CSF

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67
Q

ependymal cells locations

A

CNS

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68
Q

microglial cells function

A

eats up debris + dead cells. participate in immune response for infections

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69
Q

microglial cells location

A

CNS

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70
Q

what is another name for schwann cells?

A

neurolemmocytes

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71
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons of neurons

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72
Q

gray matter

A

nerve cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia

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73
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the brain. can find gray matter here

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74
Q

meninges

A

protective tissue layers surrounding brain + spinal cord

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75
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer. dense connective tissue

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76
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer. connects dura and pia mater together

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77
Q

pia mater

A

innermost. loose connective tissue tightly adherent to surface of brain/spinal cord

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78
Q

glymphatic system

A

flushes waste from the brain at night

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79
Q

blood brain barrier

A

prevents passage of some drugs + toxins from blood into CNS tissue

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80
Q

why does the blood brain barrier exist?

A

bc capillaries in the brain are less permeable

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81
Q

what does the blood brain barrier contain

A

astrocyte foot processes + endothelial cell tight junctions

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82
Q

plasticity

A

ability of the brain to change/rewire based on experiences. constant throughout life

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83
Q

what encourages plasticity to occur?

A

neurotropic factors

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84
Q

PNS regeneration

A

can repair damaged dendrites or axons slowly

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85
Q

CNS regeneration

A

little to no repairs are possible

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86
Q

how much can a neuron grow in a month?

A

2 inches

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87
Q

how can a nerve be repaired?

A

surgically

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88
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

auto-immune disease that causes progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS

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89
Q

what causes MS?

A

it is unknown but possibly genetic susceptibility + environmental factors

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90
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome

A

acute demyelinating disorder where marcophages strip the myelin sheath from axons in the PNS

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91
Q

what might cause guillain barre syndrome?

A

bacterial infections

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92
Q

function of circulatory system

A

pumps blood + cells to most tissues of the body

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93
Q

what lines the vessels + muscles of circulatory system?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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94
Q

heart

A

4 chambers that allow for rhythmic contraction

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95
Q

endocardium

A

lining with a supportive layer of fibroelastic connective tissue. within the heart

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96
Q

subendothelial layer

A

contains purkinje fibers in the heart

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97
Q

myocardium

A

muscle fibers arranged in spirals around the heart chambers

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98
Q

what part of the heart has thicker myocardium?

A

left ventricle

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99
Q

why is the myocardium thicker in the left ventricle?

A

uses more force during contraction

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100
Q

epicardium

A

secretes serous fluid to decrease friction when beating

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101
Q

chemical impulse flow

A

SA node (pacemaker) > AV node > bundle of his > L/R bundles > purkinje fibers

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102
Q

vasculogenesis

A

formation of vasculature in mesenchyme in embryo

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103
Q

angiogensis

A

growth and maintenance of existing blood vessel networks during growth + tissue repair

104
Q

VEGf

A

stimulates ALL growth of new blood vessels in embryo. controls vasculogenesis

105
Q

internal tunica intima

A

endothelium + subendothelial. most internal layer of vessel walls

106
Q

middle tunica media

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle interposed between elastic fibers, reticular fibers, + proteoglycans. middle layer of vessel walls

107
Q

external tunica externa

A

connective tissue. continuous + bound to stroma of organ. extrenal layer of vessel walls

108
Q

vasa vasorum

A

tiny blood vessels in the wall of large blood vessels

109
Q

what is in the tunica intima in the arteries?

A

internal elastic lamina

110
Q

what is in the tunica media in arteries?

A

external elastic lamina

111
Q

elastic arteries tunica intima

A

endothelium, connective tissue w/smooth muscle

112
Q

muscular arteries tunica intima

A

endothelium, connective tissue w/smooth muscle, internal elastic lamina

113
Q

small arteries tunica intima

A

endothelium, less connective tissue

114
Q

arterioles tunica intima

A

endothelium

115
Q

capillaries tunica intima

A

endothelium only

116
Q

venules tunica intima

A

endothelium, no valves

117
Q

small veins tunica intima

A

endothelium, connective tissue w/scattered smooth muscle fibers

118
Q

medium veins tunica intima

A

endothelium, connective tissue w/valves

119
Q

large veins tunica intima

A

endothelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle cells, prominent valves

120
Q

large veins tunica media

A

> 5 layers of smooth muscle w/collagen

121
Q

medium veins tunica media

A

3-5 layers of smooth muscle

122
Q

small veins tunica media

A

thin, 2-3 loose smooth muscles cells

123
Q

venules tunica media

A

pericytes + scattered smooth muscle cells

124
Q

capillaries veins tunica media

A

few pericytes only

125
Q

arterioles veins tunica media

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle

126
Q

small arteries tunica media

A

3-10 layers of smooth muscle

127
Q

medium arteries tunica media

A

many smooth muscle layers. minimal elastic material

128
Q

large arteries tunica media

A

many elastic lamellae with smooth muscle

129
Q

large arteries tunica extrena

A

connective tissue with vaso vasorum

130
Q

medium arteries tunica extrena

A

connective tissue with vaso vasorum

131
Q

small arteries tunica extrena

A

connective tissue

132
Q

arterioles tunica extrena

A

very thin connective tissue layer

133
Q

capillaries tunica extrena

A

NONE

134
Q

venules tunica extrena

A

NONE

135
Q

small veins tunica extrena

A

connective tissue

136
Q

medium veins tunica extrena

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

137
Q

large veins tunica extrena

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

138
Q

lymph system

A

interstitial fluid

139
Q

blood composition

A

plasma, erythrocytes, + buffy coat

140
Q

plasma pH range

A

7.35-7.45

141
Q

what % of blood composition is plasma?

A

55%

142
Q

what % of blood composition is the buffy coat?

A

1%

143
Q

what % of blood composition is erythrocytes?

A

45%

144
Q

what is the most abundant protein in plasma?

A

albumin

145
Q

albumin function

A

maintains osmotic pressure

146
Q

what is the 2nd most abundant protein in plasma?

A

globulins

147
Q

what is the 3rd most abundant protein in plasma?

A

fibrinogen

148
Q

what is the least abundant protein in plasma?

A

regulatory proteins

149
Q

red blood cells (RBCs) shape

A

biconcave, no nuclei

150
Q

where are RBCs produced?

A

red bone marrow

151
Q

normal amount of RBCs

A

3.9-6.6 million/microliter

152
Q

RBC function

A

transport oxygen

153
Q

hemaglobin

A

binds to oxygen, up to 4 times

154
Q

since hemoglobin has no mitochondria, what does it rely on?

A

anerobic glycolysis

155
Q

life span of a RBC

A

120 days

156
Q

leukocytes

A

perform various immune functions after leaving the blood stream

157
Q

granulocytes

A

polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct lobes

158
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinphils, + basophils

159
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes + monocytes

160
Q

agranulocytes

A

lack granules

161
Q

most abundant granulocyte

A

neutrophils

162
Q

least abundant granulocyte

A

basophils

163
Q

neutrophil function

A

kill and phagocytose bacteria

164
Q

how many lobes does neutrophils have?

A

3-5 lobes

165
Q

how many lobes does eosinophils have?

A

2 (bilobed)

166
Q

eosinophil function

A

kill helminthic + other parasites. modulate local imflammation

167
Q

basophil function

A

modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy

168
Q

how many lobes does basophils have?

A

bilobed or S shaped

169
Q

what is the most abundant agranulocyte?

A

lymphocytes

170
Q

what is the least abundant agranulocyte?

A

monocytes

171
Q

lymphocytes shape

A

spherical

172
Q

monocytes shape

A

indented or c-shaped

173
Q

lymphocytes function

A

adaptive immunity

174
Q

monocytes function

A

precursors of macrophages + mononuclear phagocytic cells

175
Q

platelets

A

small, non-nucleated membrane

176
Q

where do platelets originate from?

A

megalokaryocytes (bone marrow cells)

177
Q

what surrounds a platelet + helps with adhesion?

A

glycocalyx

178
Q

platelet function

A

contain blood loss. clot/coagulate

179
Q

digestive organs

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestines, small intestines, anal canal

180
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

parotid salivary gland, teeth, tongue, sublingual salivary gland, submandibular salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

181
Q

what is another name for the gastro-intestinal tract?

A

alimentary canal

182
Q

GI tract function

A

obtain molecules that are ingested for maintenance, growth, + energy needs of the body

183
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer of GIT. epithelial lining w/lamina propria of loose connective tissue

184
Q

mucosa characteristics

A

rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells + glands

185
Q

what separates the mucosa from the submucosa?

A

muscularis musculae

186
Q

submucosa

A

denser connective tissue

187
Q

submucosa characteristics

A

large blood vessels + submucosal plexus (Meissner)

188
Q

muscularis layer

A

smooth muscle arranged in 2 or more layers

189
Q

muscularis layer characteristics

A

myenteric (Auerbach) plexus between layers

190
Q

what are the names of the layers in the muscularis?

A

internal + external

191
Q

serosa

A

thin sheet of connective tissue. covered in mesothelium. outer most layer

192
Q

oral cavity type of epithelial

A

stratified squamous epithelium

193
Q

where in the oral cavity is keratin stratified squamous located?

A

gums + hard palate

194
Q

where in the oral cavity is non-keratin stratified squamous located?

A

cheeks, floor + pharynx

195
Q

tongue

A

striated skeletal muscle. fibers orientated in all directions

196
Q

teeth

A

32 permanent adult teeth

197
Q

teeth crowns

A

visible teeth with 1-2 roots

198
Q

what covers crowns of the tooth?

A

hard acellular enamel

199
Q

what is most of the tooth composed of?

A

dentin

200
Q

esophagus tissue

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

201
Q

what kind of muscle is the upper 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

skeletal muscle

202
Q

what kind of muscle is the lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

smooth muscle

203
Q

stomach tissue

A

stratified squamous becomes columnar epithelial

204
Q

stomach digestion

A

continued digestion of carbs/fats + begin digestion for proteins + triglycerides

205
Q

where is the only place you can find 3 muscularis layers?

A

the stomach

206
Q

surface mucous cell

A

secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin

207
Q

mucous neck cell

A

secretes acidic fluid containing mucin

208
Q

parietal cell

A

secretes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

209
Q

chief cell

A

secretes pepsinogen + gastric lipase

210
Q

G cell

A

enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin into the blood

211
Q

angiopoietins

A

remodels vascular structures in adults. controls angiogenesis

212
Q

what occurs in the small intestines?

A

digestive processes are complete

213
Q

continuous capillary

A

found in most places

214
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

found in endocrine organs, intestinal wall, choroid plexus

215
Q

sinusoid capillary

A

found in bone marrow, liver, spleen

216
Q

stomach, type of epithelium

A

columnar epithelium

217
Q

small intestine, type of epithelium

A

columnar epithelium

218
Q

large intestine, type of epithelium

A

columnar epithelium

219
Q

rectum, type of epithelium

A

simple columnar

220
Q

anus, type of epithelium

A

stratified squamous

221
Q

plicae circularis

A

small permanent circular folds

222
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

223
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

mucosa having ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

224
Q

tracheobronchial tree

A

trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs

225
Q

vestibules of nasal cavity tissue

A

stratified squamous, keratinized to nonkeratinized

226
Q

nasal cavity tissue

A

respiratory epithelium

227
Q

superior areas of nasal cavity tissue

A

olfactory epithelium

228
Q

nasopharynx/oropharynx tissue

A

respiratory and stratified squamous

229
Q

larynx tissue

A

respiratory and stratified squamous

230
Q

trachea tissue

A

respiratory epithelium

231
Q

bronchi tissue

A

respiratory epithelium

232
Q

bronchioles tissue

A

simple ciliated cubodial to columnar

233
Q

terminal bronchioles tissue

A

simple cubodial

234
Q

respiratory bronchioles tissue

A

simple cubodial

235
Q

alveolar ducs/sacs tissue

A

simple cubodial

236
Q

alveoli tissue

A

types I and II alveolar cells

237
Q

how many layers are in the epidermis in the hands and feet?

A

5

238
Q

how many layers are in the epidermis in the rest of the body?

A

4

239
Q

stratum basale

A

inner most epidermis layer. mitotically active cubodial cells. contains tactile cells

240
Q

stratum spinosum

A

polyhedral cells attached together by desmosomes. initiate immune response. second most outer layer

241
Q

stratum granulosum

A

thin, flattened layer of keratinocytes

242
Q

stratum corneum

A

outer most layer. protects against water loss, friction, + microbial invasion

243
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only found in hands and feet. deep only to startum corenum

244
Q

merkel cells

A

determines light touch. found in basal layer

245
Q

meissner corpuscle

A

light touch. in epidermis and dermis

246
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

preserve vibration

247
Q

free nerve endings

A

mechanical, temperature, light touch. in epidermis and dermis

248
Q

thin papillary layer

A

includes dermal papillae. loose connective tissue. type I + III collagen

249
Q

thick reticular layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue. type I collagen

250
Q

subpapillary plexus

A

microvascular plexus that gets blood to bottom layer of epidermis

251
Q

urinary muscular tubes

A

connect kidneys to the bladder

252
Q

tissue of the ureters

A

transitional epithelium

253
Q

urinary bladder tissue

A

transitional epithelium

254
Q

detrusor muscle

A

muscular layer in the urinary bladder

255
Q

proximal urethra tissue

A

transitional epithelium

256
Q

distal urethra tissue

A

stratified squamous epithelium

257
Q

what cells surround the capillaries in the renal corpuscle?

A

podocytes

Embryology/Histology (2 decks)

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