exam 3

Question 1

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

Answer 1

The tendency to overestimate personal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone’s behavior.

Question 2

What are personal vs situational attributions?

Answer 2

Attributions explain whether we consider a behavior to result from internal traits or external circumstances.

Question 3

What are stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Answer 3

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group, unjustified negative attitudes, and biased behaviors.

Question 4

What is modern racism?

Answer 4

Subtle forms of racism expressed indirectly, often through resistance to policies or measures aimed at equality.

Question 5

What is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 5

The phenomenon where repeated exposure to something increases our preference for it.

Question 6

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 6

The discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or behaviors.

Question 7

What was Stanley Milgram’s Shock Experiment?

Answer 7

The experiment demonstrating obedience to authority, even to the point of inflicting harm.

Question 8

What is conformity?

Answer 8

The adjustment of one’s behavior or opinions to align with a group standard.

Question 9

What are the door-in-the-face, foot-in-the-door, and lowballing techniques?

Answer 9

Techniques involving negotiation strategies like making large requests followed by smaller ones or incremental commitments.

Question 10

What is bystander apathy?

Answer 10

The reduced likelihood of helping someone in an emergency when others are present.

Question 11

What is personality?

Answer 11

The unique and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in an individual.

Question 12

What are downward and upward comparisons?

Answer 12

Comparisons to someone less fortunate to boost self-esteem versus to someone better off to motivate improvement.

Question 13

What is the self-serving bias?

Answer 13

The tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external factors.

Question 14

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 14

Freud’s developmental stages focused on pleasure zones, including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

Question 15

What are the Id, Ego, and Superego?

Answer 15

Freud’s components of personality, representing primitive desires, rational control, and moral standards.

Question 16

What are defense mechanisms?

Answer 16

Unconscious strategies to protect the mind from anxiety and guilt.

Question 17

What is the humanistic theory of personality?

Answer 17

A theory emphasizing personal growth, free will, and achieving self-actualization.

Question 18

What is the Five Factor Trait Theory of Personality?

Answer 18

A widely accepted model describing personality through openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 19

What are aspects of temperament?

Answer 19

Biological bases of personality, including activity level, emotionality, and sociability.

Question 20

What are examples of personality tests?

Answer 20

Methods of assessing personality, such as the Big 5, Rorschach, TAT, MMPI, and Myers-Briggs tests.

Question 21

What is the difference between a symptom and a syndrome?

Answer 21

A specific observable symptom is a single indicator, while a syndrome is a collection of symptoms forming a disorder.

Question 22

What is the diathesis-stress model?

Answer 22

A model suggesting that psychological disorders develop due to a predisposition and stressful experiences.

Question 23

What are anxiety disorders?

Answer 23

Disorders involving excessive fear or worry, such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.

Question 24

What are depression disorders?

Answer 24

Mood disorders characterized by persistent sadness, such as major depressive disorder.

Question 25

What are schizophrenic disorders?

Answer 25

Psychological disorders involving distortions of reality, such as hallucinations or delusions.

Question 26

What are personality disorders?

Answer 26

Enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and inner experience deviating from cultural norms.

Question 27

What is autism?

Answer 27

A developmental disorder affecting social interaction and communication.

Question 28

Who can prescribe medications?

Answer 28

In the U.S., psychiatrists and some specially trained nurse practitioners.

Question 29

What are types of therapy?

Answer 29

Therapeutic approaches, including humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic methods.

Question 30

What is systematic desensitization?

Answer 30

A behavior therapy technique gradually exposing a person to their fear to reduce it.

Question 31

What is modeling?

Answer 31

The practice of using live demonstrations or examples to encourage behavior changes.

Question 32

What are the advantages of group therapy?

Answer 32

Therapy in a group setting offering shared experiences and support.