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PSY 201 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

? is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it.

A

habituation

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2
Q

? ? is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

A

classical conditioning

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3
Q

An ? stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

A

unconditioned

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4
Q

A ? stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.

A

conditioned

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5
Q

An ? response is an automatic, natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

A

unconditioned

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6
Q

A ? response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

A

conditioned

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7
Q

? is the process in which a conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

A

extinction

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8
Q

? ? is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

A

spontaneous recovery

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9
Q

? ? occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response.

A

stimulus generalization

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10
Q

Stimulus ? is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.

A

discrimination

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11
Q

? ? is a therapy method used to treat phobias by gradually exposing a person to the feared object or situation in a controlled way.

A

systematic desensitization

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12
Q

? ? is a type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.

A

operant conditioning

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13
Q

? ? involves adding a stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

A

positive reinforcement

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14
Q

? ? involves removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

A

negative reinforcement

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15
Q

? ? involves adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

A

positive punishment

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16
Q

? ? involves removing a stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

A

negative punishment

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17
Q

A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed.

A

fixed interval

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18
Q

A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after varying amounts of time.

A

variable interval

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19
Q

A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after a set number of responses.

A

fixed ratio

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20
Q

A ? ratio schedule provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses.

A

variable

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21
Q

A ? economy is a behavior management system using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for privileges or items.

A

token

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22
Q

? learning is learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.

A

observational

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23
Q

The three processes of memory are ?, ?, and ?.

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

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24
Q

? is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

A

encoding

25
Q

? storage is the process of retaining information in memory over time.

A

memory

26
Q

? is the process of accessing stored information.

A

retrieval

27
Q

? blindness is a phenomenon where a person fails to notice changes in their visual environment.

A

change

28
Q

The types of memory storage are ? memory, ?-term memory, and ?-term memory.

A

sensory, short, long

29
Q

? is a memory technique where information is grouped into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.

A

chunking

30
Q

? rehearsal is the repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory.

A

maintenance

31
Q

? rehearsal involves linking new information to existing knowledge to make it easier to store in long-term memory.

A

elaborative

32
Q

The ? effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle.

A

primacy

33
Q

The ? effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the end of a list better than those in the middle.

A

recency

34
Q

? amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury.

A

anterograde

35
Q

? amnesia is the loss of memories formed before a brain injury.

A

retrograde

36
Q

The types of long-term memories are ?, ?, and semantic.

A

procedural, episodic

37
Q

? psychology is the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors influence physical health and illness.

A

health

38
Q

BMI (? ? ?) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.

A

body mass index

39
Q

? nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss and fear of gaining weight.

A

anorexia

40
Q

? nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging behaviors like vomiting.

A

bulimia

41
Q

?-eating disorder involves consuming large amounts of food in a short time without purging.

A

binge

42
Q

Chronic stress and negative emotions can weaken the ? system and increase the risk of ? illnesses.

A

immune, physical

43
Q

Type ? personalities are competitive and prone to stress, while Type ? personalities are more relaxed and less stressed.

A

A, B

44
Q

?-focused coping involves addressing the source of stress directly.

A

problem

45
Q

?-focused coping involves managing the emotional response to stress.

A

emotion

46
Q

The ? model emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in health.

A

biopsychosocial

47
Q

The prenatal stages are ?, ?, and ?.

A

germonic, embryonic, fetal

48
Q

? are substances that can harm a developing fetus, such as alcohol and drugs.

A

teratogens

49
Q

The types of attachment are ?, ?, ambivalent, and ?.

A

severe, avoidant, disorganized

50
Q

? experiment demonstrated the importance of comfort and attachment in infant development using monkeys.

A

Harlow’s

51
Q

? stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

A

Piaget’s

52
Q

? is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.

A

Assimilation

53
Q

? is modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.

A

Accommodation

54
Q

? is the stage of language development where infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel sounds.

A

babbling

55
Q

? speech is early speech where children use short phrases to convey meaning, like ‘want cookie’.

A

telegraphic

56
Q

Erikson’s stages include ? vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. ?, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ? vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. ?.

A

trust, shame, identity, despair

57
Q

? are small, close-knit groups of individuals who often share common interests or backgrounds.

A

cliques

58
Q

Kohlberg’s stages include ?, ?, ?.

A

pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.

59
Q

? is a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life, often caused by diseases like Alzheimer’s.

A

dementia

PSY 201 (2 decks)

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