exam 2 Flashcards
? is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it.
habituation
? ? is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
classical conditioning
An ? stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
unconditioned
A ? stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
conditioned
An ? response is an automatic, natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned
A ? response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
conditioned
? is the process in which a conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
extinction
? ? is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.
spontaneous recovery
? ? occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response.
stimulus generalization
Stimulus ? is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.
discrimination
? ? is a therapy method used to treat phobias by gradually exposing a person to the feared object or situation in a controlled way.
systematic desensitization
? ? is a type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.
operant conditioning
? ? involves adding a stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
positive reinforcement
? ? involves removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
negative reinforcement
? ? involves adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
positive punishment
? ? involves removing a stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
negative punishment
A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed.
fixed interval
A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after varying amounts of time.
variable interval
A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after a set number of responses.
fixed ratio
A ? ratio schedule provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses.
variable
A ? economy is a behavior management system using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for privileges or items.
token
? learning is learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.
observational
The three processes of memory are ?, ?, and ?.
encoding, storage, and retrieval
? is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
encoding
? storage is the process of retaining information in memory over time.
memory
? is the process of accessing stored information.
retrieval
? blindness is a phenomenon where a person fails to notice changes in their visual environment.
change
The types of memory storage are ? memory, ?-term memory, and ?-term memory.
sensory, short, long
? is a memory technique where information is grouped into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.
chunking
? rehearsal is the repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory.
maintenance
? rehearsal involves linking new information to existing knowledge to make it easier to store in long-term memory.
elaborative
The ? effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle.
primacy
The ? effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the end of a list better than those in the middle.
recency
? amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury.
anterograde
? amnesia is the loss of memories formed before a brain injury.
retrograde
The types of long-term memories are ?, ?, and semantic.
procedural, episodic
? psychology is the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors influence physical health and illness.
health
BMI (? ? ?) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
body mass index
? nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss and fear of gaining weight.
anorexia
? nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging behaviors like vomiting.
bulimia
?-eating disorder involves consuming large amounts of food in a short time without purging.
binge
Chronic stress and negative emotions can weaken the ? system and increase the risk of ? illnesses.
immune, physical
Type ? personalities are competitive and prone to stress, while Type ? personalities are more relaxed and less stressed.
A, B
?-focused coping involves addressing the source of stress directly.
problem
?-focused coping involves managing the emotional response to stress.
emotion
The ? model emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in health.
biopsychosocial
The prenatal stages are ?, ?, and ?.
germonic, embryonic, fetal
? are substances that can harm a developing fetus, such as alcohol and drugs.
teratogens
The types of attachment are ?, ?, ambivalent, and ?.
severe, avoidant, disorganized
? experiment demonstrated the importance of comfort and attachment in infant development using monkeys.
Harlow’s
? stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Piaget’s
? is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.
Assimilation
? is modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.
Accommodation
? is the stage of language development where infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel sounds.
babbling
? speech is early speech where children use short phrases to convey meaning, like ‘want cookie’.
telegraphic
Erikson’s stages include ? vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. ?, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ? vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. ?.
trust, shame, identity, despair
? are small, close-knit groups of individuals who often share common interests or backgrounds.
cliques
Kohlberg’s stages include ?, ?, ?.
pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.
? is a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life, often caused by diseases like Alzheimer’s.
dementia
