exam 1 Flashcards
? is the ? study of mind and ?
psychology, scientific, behavior
psychological science: an exacting science that uses rigorous ? methods to develop ? into the human mind and human behavior
scientific, insight
? effect is the tendency to be overly sure of what we know
? ? is the tendency to seek out, pay attention to, and believe only evidence that supports what we are already confident we know
overconfidence, confirmation bias
? approach: study of ?, thought, behavior
? approach: psychotherapy, ?, clinical practice
scientific, perception, clinical, psychiatry
?: an available body of facts and information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true and valid
?: based on astute observation and accurate measurement
The best evidence is this
?: claims made as a fact w/o reliable, verifiable, evidence.
evidence, empirical, pseudoscience
main problem is that it is ?
- examples:
The fraudulent report in 1998 claiming to find a link between vaccines and ?
Reduced vaccinations have led to outbreaks of infectious diseases that had been nearly eliminated.
? is when people attempt to treat serious medical diseases with small doses of natural substances that would cause the symptoms of the disease in a healthy person
Forgoing evidence-based medical treatments for homeopathic remedies can place people at great risk.
Some homeopathic remedies are dangerous in themselves.
misleading, autism, homeopathy
? ?: purposeful, reasoned, and goal-directed thinking that seeks to examine evidence, evaluate conclusions, solve problems, make decisions, and formulate reasonable and accurate conclusions.
It can help us to avoid the dangers, misunderstanding, and misperceptions about psychological issues and help us to develop psychological literacy.
critical thinking
? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify universal aspects of behavior that result from evolutionary adaptations.
? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify how cultural context affect’s people’s thoughts and preferences
Culture: rules, values, customs, and beliefs that exist within a group of people who share a common language and environment
? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify the mental processes that underlie perception, thought, learning, memory, language, and creativity
? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify how our capacity to feel, express, and perceive emotions influences decision making, behavior, and social relationships
?-? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify the biological underpinnings of how we think, act, and behave.
? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally as they age. it encompasses all phases of the human life cycle, from conception to old age.
? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify the causes and treatment of psychological disorders, with the goal of improving well-being, functioning, and relationships.
evolutionary, cultural, cognitive, emotional, biological-neuroscience, developmental, clinical
? is the scientific study of how nerves and cells send and receive information from the brain, body, and spinal cord.
neuroscience
? plays a critical role in childbirth, lactation, and bonding between mothers and their infants.
oxytocin
? mental processes are those that we cannot directly observe or influence.
Both conscious and unconscious mental processes strongly shape our interpretations of reality in ways that affect our behavior.
unconscious
A ? perspective on behavior must not assume that genetics and biology are fixed and unchangeable.
biological
? perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify aspects of behavior that are relatively stable over both time and situations
this perspective would ask:
“Do some people possess traits that make them more socially skilled?”
? psychological perspective: a psychological perspective that seeks to identify the ways in which immediate social context influences thought, feelings, and behaviors, independent of personality.
This perspective would ask: “Are people more socially skilled in some situations than in other situations?”
personality, social
The ? school of thought, founded by ? ?, focuses on the influence of unconscious instincts and conflicts on human behavior and personality.
unconscious, Sigmund Freud
The ? school of thought focuses on how people learn and behave through interactions with their environment
behaviorist
what type of psychologists treat and diagnose mental illness
clinical psychologist
?: personal events relating to the phenomenon
?: subjective feelings about what makes sense
experience, intuition
the ? ?is the process used by psychologists to evaluate the ? of an idea
scientific method, validity
?-?-cycle: the process utilized by the scientific method which compares a theory of behavior to data collected in order to confirm and disconfirm the theoretical explanation.
theory-data-cycle
?: a set of propositions about what people do and why
?: a prediction about what will happen, based on a theory
?: observations from a study, usually in numerical form, collected from people at certain times or in certain situations
theory, hypothesis, data
?: something of interest that varies from person to person, or situation to situation, and has at least two levels or values
variable
? variable: variables that are ? by assigning participants different levels of that variable
manipulated, controlled
? definitions: specifications of the exact process for determining the levels or values of each variable.
operational
? research: research that focuses on one measured variable at a time to determine and summarize what people do, on average
descriptive
? research: descriptive research that relies on measuring variables of interest and collecting data by observing and recording people’s behavior or performance
- ? Data refers to the use of extremely large data sets acquired with technology to conduct research
Observational, big
? observation: a method of descriptive research which acquires data by observing the behaviors of animals or people in their normal, everyday environments without interference by the researcher
Naturalistic
? ?: A form of descriptive research in which a single individual or very small group is examined closely to study rare experiences, abilities, and behaviors
case study
? ? established the first psychology laboratory
Wilhelm Wundt
? research: research that measures two or more variables in order to understand the relationship between them.
? is not causation
Correlational
?: a type of graph on which data from correlational studies can be presented to visualize the relationship between two variables.
positive is ? and slopes ?
negative is ? and slopes ?
Scatterplot, high, up, low, down
?-variable problem: a limitation of correlational studies which occurs when the observed correlation between two variables is explained by the influence of some third, unmeasured variable
3rd
? research: research conducted in way that supports causal statements by manipulating a variable hypothesized to be causal and assessing its effects on a measured variable.
? variable: the manipulated variable in an experiment (cause)
? variable: the measured variable in an experiment (effect)
experimental, independant, dependant
? is a theory of mind that states that mental states are defined by their function or role in the cognitive system, rather than their internal composition
functionalism
? is the combination of a person’s subjective experience of the external world and the person’s mental activity; this combination results from brain activity; alertness
consciousness
? ?: a procedure used in experimental research in which a random method is used to decide which participants will receive each level of the independent variable
? ?: a way of choosing a sample of participants for study without bias, which allows findings to be generalized from the sample to the larger population of interest
random assignment, random sampling
To assess for a possible link between mood and academic achievement, researchers either had students watch a sad or happy YouTube video before taking a math test. What was the dependent variable in this research?
A. The sad or happy YouTube video
B. Mood
C. Academic achievement
D. The students
C ; their academic achievement is the effect based on which video they were shown
? ? Board, or IRB: a local panel of researchers, teachers, citizens, and others who determine whether a research study lives up to the community’s ethical standards
Institutional Review
?: each research participant has the right to decide about participating without intimidation or coercion.
? ?: An essential application of the ethical principle of autonomy in which a research participant is educated on the procedures, risks, and potential benefits of taking part in study before choosing to do so
autonomy, informed consent
?: the benefits of the study must outweigh the risks of harm
?: participants bearing the burden of research must be representative of the population who will benefit from the research
Beneficence, justice
Three guiding principles for psychologists who use animals, known as the three R’s:
?: find alternative for animals when possible.
?: modify procedures to minimize animal distress.
?: use the fewest animal subjects possible
replacement, refinement, reduction
? observation takes place in natural conditions and environment. ?observation takes place in controlled conditions and in an artificial environment.
naturalistic, laboratory
failure to see something outside one’s focus of attention is called ?blindness.
failure to notice changes in a visual stimulus is called ? blindness
inattentional, change
? neuron : A neuron that sends signals to make the body take action.
motor
An ? is a drug that binds to the receptor and allows a similar response
an ? is a drug that binds to the receptor and inhibits response
agonist, antagonist
? area: a region of the brain concerned with the production of ?
Damage in this area causes Broca’s ?, characterized by hesitant and fragmented speech with little grammatical structure (word salad)
broca’s, speech, aphasia
? area is a region in the brain that plays a critical role in language ? and production
wernicke’s, comprehension
? lobe (responsible for higher-level thinking and decision-making)
? lobe (processing information like touch and spatial awareness)
? lobe (associated with hearing, memory, and emotion)
? lobe (processing visual information)
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
The cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of ?, maintaining posture and ?, muscle tone, and ? learning
movement, balance, motor
The ? system function is to process and regulate ? and memory and arousal
limbic, emotions
the hypothalamus maintains ? by regulating vital bodily functions like ?, ?, body ?, sleep-wake cycles, and emotional responses
homeostasis, hunger, thirst
? rhythm is the 24-hour internal clock in our brain that regulates cycles of ? and sleepiness by responding to light changes in our environment
circadian, alertness
the ? functions to regulate emotions
amygdala
machines used to measure brain activity are these: ?, ?, ?, ?
CAT, MRI, EEG, PET
The endocrine system also regulates our ?, blood sugar levels, ?, and secretes ?
metabolism, homeostasis, hormones
? waves are associated with ?, daydreaming, and meditation.
? waves are associated with deep relaxation and inward ?.
? waves are associated with deep ?.
? waves are associated with ? and mental activity.
Alpha, relaxation, theta, focus, delta, sleep, beta, alertness
stages of the sleep cycle:
btea, alpha, theta, K complexes, delta, REM
? content is the literal events and imagery of a dream, while ? content is the dream’s unconscious meaning
manifest, latent
? ? is a common sleep disorder that causes breathing to repeatedly stop or become shallow during sleep
? is a sleep disorder that makes it hard to fall or stay asleep, or to get quality sleep
? is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles
sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy
hypnotic ? is the reduction of ? perception caused by a hypnotic suggestion
analgesia, pain
? is the compulsive drug craving and use
? is a physical effect of addiction that occurs when a person needs to take larger doses of a drug to experience its effects
? is a physical and psychological effect of addiction that occurs when a person experiences anxiety, tension, and cravings after discontinuing use of an addictive drug
addiction, tolerance, withdrawal
?: Psychoactive drugs that depress both mental processes and physical activity
alcohol
depressants
? activate the sympathetic nervous system by stimulating and increasing heart rate and blood pressure
Cocaine and methamphetamine are drugs that act as stimulants, as are caffeine and nicotine
stimulants
?: Psychoactive drugs that affect perceptual experiences and evoke sensory images even without sensory input causing hallucinations
marijuana
hallucinogens
?: Psychoactive drugs that reduce pain and produce pleasurable feelings
heroin, morphine, and codeine
opiates/narcotics
The ? includes the brain and spinal cord, while the ? consists of everything else
the ? receives, processes, and responds.
the ? transmits signals.
CNS, PNS
CNS, PNS
SNS is your ? or ?
PNS is your ? and ?
fight/flight, rest/digest
?: A fatty layer that insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission
?: A long, single extension that send signals to other neurons or muscles
?: Short, branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons
myelin sheath, axon, dendrites
