Exam 3 Flashcards
A seed bearing plant which does not produce secondary growth. The fresh/ driead leaves, flowers, stems, or seeds of aromatic plants are used as medicine, perfume, or flavor.
Herb.
The highly aromatic seeds, fruits, roots, or bark that are used to preserve or add flavor to food.
Spice.
Volatile oils which impart the characteristic fragrance from the plant it was collected.
Essentiol oil.
Umbrella shaped inflorescence cluster?
Umbel.
Where is taxol found?
Uses?
Found in the bark of Pacific Yew.
Modern: Breast and Ovarian cancer.
What does brevifolia mean?
Brief/ little leaves.
What is the toxic compound which accumulates in the bark of the pacific yew?
Taxol.
What is the alkaloid extracted from the roots of rauwolfia?
Reserpine.
Rauwolfia AKA: Snakeroot.
What is the extract from Rauwolfia used to treat?
Modern: Hyper Tension, Schizophrenia.
Folk: Snake bites, “moon Disease”
(Doctrine of signatures.)
Rauwolfia AKA: Snakeroot.
Secondary plant metabolite which contains N, bitter, and has strong effects on the nervous system?
Alkaloids.
usually end in -ine.
What is the synthetic drug used to treat malaria?
Why?
Chloroquinine
Easier to produce, and less side effects/ less toxic.
Synthetic Artemisin is not viable option irl even though it sorta exists.
What are the alkaloids that are collected from the poppy plant?
Alkaloid from the poppy plant which has modern uses in anesthetics and as a pain killer?
Morphine.
Poppy: Papaer Somniferum.
Cone bearing gymnosperm?
Conifer.
Pacific yew (Taxol comes from bark.)
What is the brand name of taxol?
Paclitaxol.
Alklaloid abundant in the foliage and seeds of the stinking nightshade?
Scopolamine.
Hyosycamus Niger.
Alkaloid to treat malaria from cinchona?
Quinine.
What is the active compound in marijuana?
tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
Over 300 variants of cannabinoids.
Which alkaloid is abundant in the foliage and seed of the hyscamus niger?
Hyoscamine.
Precursor to scopalamine.
Class of secondary plant metabolites which has a sugar group.
Glycosides.
What is the glycoside found in the latex of aloe leaves?
Alion.
Where is ephedra derived?
Uses?
From Ephedra Sinica
To treat congestion (Bronchitis, asthma, allergies.)
What are the terpenophenolic compounds from marijuana?
Cannabinoids.
OCT drug (in other countries) that is used as pain relief from the poppy plant?
Codiene.
Toxic alkaloid from the deadly nightshade?
Atropine.
Atropa Belladonna.
Don’t Confuse with stink nightshade: Hyoscamine… niger.
A class of secondary metabolites common in the nightshade family?
Tropane alkaloids.
(Solanaceae)
AKA Belladonna Alkaloids.
What is the rock form of cocaine?
Crack!
Stimulant.
Hydrochloride treated with baking soda and boilding water.
What is Bangh?
Milk based bevy from the leaves of the cannabis plant.
What is the pure resin form of the glandular trichromes of the cannabis plant?
Charas.
Dried latex from the poppy plant?
Opium.
What is the arabic term for charas in northern india?
Hashish
Charas: pure resin from MJ flower.
What is the plant which produces the hallucinogenic drink ayahuasca?
Caapi Plant
Amazonian (Banisteriopsis.)
Hydrochloride salt form of cocaine which dissolves in water?
Coke.
Name for the upper leaves and flowers of marijuana which are usually smoked?
Ganja.
What is the alkaloid from the coca plant?
Cocaine.
Erythroxylum coca (Erythryloceae.)
Poison used by native south american on darts?
Curare Poison.
Unfertilized, seedless, female cannabis plants?
Sinsemilla.
What is the Vine used in amazonial ceremonial infusions.
What is the name meaning in Quechua?
The Ayahuasca Vine
Means “ Rope of the soul”
Same plant as caapi.
What part of the plant is white pepper?
The pit of a drupe.
Where is cinnamon zeylancium native to?
Sri lanka.
What is the “King of Spices”?
Black Pepper.
What spice has uses aside from being a spice such as in tooth paste, medicines & cigerettes?
Clove.
Spice which has the combined flavors of cinnamon, nutmag and cloves?
Allspice.
What comon name plant family gives rise to most herbs?
The carrot family.
(Apiaceae.)
(Dill and Cumin)
What part of the plant is Mace?
The Aril/ Seed coat of the nutmeg plant.
(Nutmeg is the seed.)
Nutmeg is a seed, not a true nut.
What has occured with price of pure vanilla? Why?
The price has significantly dropped. This is due to the production of Vanillin- A synthetic. Since Vanillin is cheap, pure vanilla price dropped to be able to compete in the market.
What three spices are in the family zingiberaceae?
Ginger.
Cardamom.
Turmeric.
What antioxidant is known for being in turmeric?
What other spice is needed to absorb this?
Curcumin
Needs Black pepper (Piperin-antioxidant)
increases absorption by up to 2000%!
what two spices are from modified under ground rhizomes?
Ginger and Turmeric.
Horseraddish is from a regular herb root, not a rhizome.
What is artemisinin used to treat?
Where is it obtained from?
Used to treat malaria
Derived from Artemesia annua (Chinese Wormwood.)
Brand: Coartem.
What is ephedra used for besides congestion?
Cancer treatments.
What are the two alkaloids produced from the Rosy Periwinkle?
Vinblastin and Vincristine.
AKA: Madagascar Periwinkle.
Used to treat Child hood leukemia and lymphoma.
Where are the medicanl components of the cinchona plant stored?
In the Sap of the Leaves.
What group of people used spices/ herbs extensively?
Egyptians.
What was the spice trade?
Who were the middle men?
1400 BCE
Mediterranean and Far East.
Arab merchants
Spices were in great demand where in historical times?
Romans.
Why was a years worth of cinnamon burned in rome?
in honor of nero’s wife.
Who became a prisoner of war and wrote about the spice trade?
Marco Polo
Who controlled the spice trade before 1796?
After?
The Dutch.
The British East India company.
What is one the oldest and most valubale spices?
Cinnamon.
(Inner Tree bark of the Cinnamon tree.)
What is the mimic of cinnamon?
Ceylon/ Cassia Cinnamon.
What family is cinnamon
Luaraceae
What two spices are in the family Myrtaceae?
Cloves and Allspice
What two spices are both associated with eugenol oil?
Cloves and Allspice.
Jamaica Pepper/ Clove Pepper/ Pimento?
Allspice.
Who controls the production of allspice?
Jamaica.
What part of the plant is allspice?
Dried Berries.
What is the species part of Black pepper?
Nigrum.
Where is pepper native to?
India and east Indies.
Where is the pungency in pepper from?
Pyridine Derivatives.
What is black pepper used to treat?
Digestive issues/ cure for poisons.
Where is spice capitol/ pepper capitol?
Cochin India.
Leading producers of mace/ nutmeg?
Guatamala and indonesia.
What is a carminative?
Drug which relieves flatulance.
What can star anise be used to treat?
Flatulance (Carminative.)
what spice (Dried seeds and whole pods.) is used heavily in indian dishes?
Cardamom.
Gingerols?
Non-volatile compound from ginger.
What spice has yellow rhizome?
Turmeric.
Curcumin
Arabic word for saffron?
Zafarn.
What part of the plant in saffron?
Stigmas of ovary, collected in early morning during blooming period.
Leading producer of saffron?
Iran.
Introduced to spain by arabs.
What is the vanilla family?
Orchidaceae
What kind of plant in vanilla?
Perennial vine that has vanilla pods.
Vanilla is not a bean/ legume!!
What spice comes from the nightshade family?
Chilli pepper.
Solanaceae.
Spice compound in chilli?
Capsaicin.
Spice compound in black pepper?
Piperine.
Spicy Scale?
Scoville Scale.
What family has the most herbs?
Apiaceae.
Dill, Anise, Cilantro, Coriander, Cumin, Caraway, Fennel etc.
Carrot Family.
What kind of fruit is herbs?
Schizocarp.
What is the mustard family?
Brassicaceae.
Mustard family
Crucifers.
Mustard gas is synthetic.
What is the mint family?
Lamiaceae.
Mint, basil Oregano.
Pizza herb?
oregano.
Three specie colors of mustard?
Nigra: Black
Juncea: Brown
Alba: White.
Three features of the mint family?
Square stems
simple aromatic leaves
irregular flowers.
Where is horseraddish native to?
Europe.
Taproots are used.
What is the pungent compound of horseraddish?
Sinigrin.
What are the two spiecies names of mint?
Spicata: Spearmint.
Piperita: Peppermint.
Sweet basil name?
Ocimum Basilicum
in the mint family
What Plant is Taxus Brevifolia?
Pacific Yew.
Active compound Taxol from the bark.
Brevifolia= Brief/ small leaves.
Father of modern medicine?
Hippocrates.
Who wrote historia plantarium?
Theophrastus
Wrote Botany book.
Student of hippocrates.
Who wrote de materia medica?
Pedanius Dioscorides
Who wrote the doctrine of signatures?
Paracelsus.
Book descrbing the “god-like” signs of plants and which one’s could be used based on how the plant looks.
Doctrine of signatures.
At first rauwolfia was used for snake bite victims, it was not effective, why was it used?
This is becuase it was a “ doctrine of signatures” use at first. The roots looked like snakes, called snakeroot.
What is the synthetic form of ephedrine?
pseudoephedrine.
What is a primary metabolite?
A chemical compound produced by an organism which is essential for it’s growth and survival.
EX: Carbohydrates, Proteins & lipids.
What is a secondary metabolite?
A non-essential compound produced by an organism, that usually provides some secondary benefit to it. Usually a defense mechanism.
These are commonly collected and used by humans in products such as medications.
What are the four main classes of secondary metabolites?
Sterols
Phenols
Glycosides
Alkaloids
What other plant do we known which shares a family with cinchona?
Coffee
Family: Rubiaceae.
Where is cinchona native to?
Andes Mountains.
Where does the active compound in cinchona come from?
Use?
The Bark.
Used in malaria treatment.
Cinchona common name?
Fever Bark Tree.
Natives who used cinchona?
Moderns?
Inca of peru
Jesuit missonaries (Spanish.)
Cinchona namesake?
Countess of cinchon
Spanish noble women who survived malaria after jesuit missonaries saw the inca using it.
Jesuit missonaries: from spain.
what does Malaria mean?
Mal-Air.
what does Quina Quina mean?
Bark Bark.
Fever, chills and enlarged spleen symptoms of what?
Malaria.
Who discovered that mosquitos are a vector for malaria?
Ronald Ross.
What was the snake bite use of rauwolfia taking place?
Hindu healers in India.
What is moon disease?
Folk name for schizophrenia.
What is another name for madagascar periwinkle?
Rosy Periwinkle.
What is Salix Alba?
Compound and use?
White Willow.
Glycoside used for fever and chills.
Who discovered the glycoside within White willow?
Salix Alba
Edmund Stone.
What plant is aspirin from?
Spiraea
Meadow Sweet.
Family Roscaceae: Rose Family.
Who extracted aspirin from Spirea/ Meadow Sweet?
Felix Hoffman.
What is the glycoside which comes from salix Alba?
Salicin
White Willow
What is the active compound from spiraea?
Acetyl Salicylic Acid.
Used in Aspirin.
What does belladonna mean?
Beautiful Lady.
Where is atropa belladonna native to?
Europe and central asia.
Modern and folk use of belladonna.
Mordern: Opthalmic (Atropine.)
Folk: Iris Dilation- Cosmetic.
What is the group name for alkaloids from the nightshade family?
Tropane Alkaloids.
What compound comes from the foxglove plant?
Uses?
Origin?
Digitoxin.
Folk: Heart Attack sympotoms (Dropsy.)
Native to europe and central Asia.
Who was one of the first people to popularize the uses of aloe?
Alexander the Great.
What is the Primary compound in aloe?
Where is it located?
Alion (Glycoside.)
2nd: Salicylic Acid (Glycoside) both in the latex.
What plant is Podophyllum from?
Mayapple.
What part of the mayapple contains?
The rhizome.
Mayapple use?
Anti tumor (Testicular, lung, breast.)
Very corrosive and toxic
Folk: used to remove warts.
How is papaya use medicinally?
The seeds contain Protein degrading enzymes in the latex.
What compound is commercially used to induce polyploidy in plants?
Colchicine from meadow saffron (Cholchicum).
What is used for gluacoma?
Cannabis.
What is used as an anti-epileptic?
MJ
