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Ethnobotany. > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A seed bearing plant which does not produce secondary growth. The fresh/ driead leaves, flowers, stems, or seeds of aromatic plants are used as medicine, perfume, or flavor.

A

Herb.

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2
Q

The highly aromatic seeds, fruits, roots, or bark that are used to preserve or add flavor to food.

A

Spice.

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3
Q

Volatile oils which impart the characteristic fragrance from the plant it was collected.

A

Essentiol oil.

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4
Q

Umbrella shaped inflorescence cluster?

A

Umbel.

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5
Q

Where is taxol found?
Uses?

A

Found in the bark of Pacific Yew.
Modern: Breast and Ovarian cancer.

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6
Q

What does brevifolia mean?

A

Brief/ little leaves.

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7
Q

What is the toxic compound which accumulates in the bark of the pacific yew?

A

Taxol.

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8
Q

What is the alkaloid extracted from the roots of rauwolfia?

A

Reserpine.

Rauwolfia AKA: Snakeroot.

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9
Q

What is the extract from Rauwolfia used to treat?

A

Modern: Hyper Tension, Schizophrenia.
Folk: Snake bites, “moon Disease”
(Doctrine of signatures.)

Rauwolfia AKA: Snakeroot.

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10
Q

Secondary plant metabolite which contains N, bitter, and has strong effects on the nervous system?

A

Alkaloids.

usually end in -ine.

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11
Q

What is the synthetic drug used to treat malaria?
Why?

A

Chloroquinine
Easier to produce, and less side effects/ less toxic.

Synthetic Artemisin is not viable option irl even though it sorta exists.

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12
Q

What are the alkaloids that are collected from the poppy plant?

A
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13
Q

Alkaloid from the poppy plant which has modern uses in anesthetics and as a pain killer?

A

Morphine.

Poppy: Papaer Somniferum.

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14
Q

Cone bearing gymnosperm?

A

Conifer.

Pacific yew (Taxol comes from bark.)

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15
Q

What is the brand name of taxol?

A

Paclitaxol.

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16
Q

Alklaloid abundant in the foliage and seeds of the stinking nightshade?

A

Scopolamine.

Hyosycamus Niger.

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17
Q

Alkaloid to treat malaria from cinchona?

A

Quinine.

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18
Q

What is the active compound in marijuana?

A

tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)

Over 300 variants of cannabinoids.

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19
Q

Which alkaloid is abundant in the foliage and seed of the hyscamus niger?

A

Hyoscamine.
Precursor to scopalamine.

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20
Q

Class of secondary plant metabolites which has a sugar group.

A

Glycosides.

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21
Q

What is the glycoside found in the latex of aloe leaves?

A

Alion.

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22
Q

Where is ephedra derived?
Uses?

A

From Ephedra Sinica
To treat congestion (Bronchitis, asthma, allergies.)

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23
Q

What are the terpenophenolic compounds from marijuana?

A

Cannabinoids.

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24
Q

OCT drug (in other countries) that is used as pain relief from the poppy plant?

A

Codiene.

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25
Q

Toxic alkaloid from the deadly nightshade?

A

Atropine.

Atropa Belladonna.
Don’t Confuse with stink nightshade: Hyoscamine… niger.

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26
Q

A class of secondary metabolites common in the nightshade family?

A

Tropane alkaloids.

(Solanaceae)
AKA Belladonna Alkaloids.

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27
Q

What is the rock form of cocaine?

A

Crack!

Stimulant.

Hydrochloride treated with baking soda and boilding water.

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28
Q

What is Bangh?

A

Milk based bevy from the leaves of the cannabis plant.

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29
Q

What is the pure resin form of the glandular trichromes of the cannabis plant?

A

Charas.

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30
Q

Dried latex from the poppy plant?

A

Opium.

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31
Q

What is the arabic term for charas in northern india?

A

Hashish

Charas: pure resin from MJ flower.

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32
Q

What is the plant which produces the hallucinogenic drink ayahuasca?

A

Caapi Plant

Amazonian (Banisteriopsis.)

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33
Q

Hydrochloride salt form of cocaine which dissolves in water?

A

Coke.

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34
Q

Name for the upper leaves and flowers of marijuana which are usually smoked?

A

Ganja.

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35
Q

What is the alkaloid from the coca plant?

A

Cocaine.

Erythroxylum coca (Erythryloceae.)

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36
Q

Poison used by native south american on darts?

A

Curare Poison.

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37
Q

Unfertilized, seedless, female cannabis plants?

A

Sinsemilla.

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38
Q

What is the Vine used in amazonial ceremonial infusions.
What is the name meaning in Quechua?

A

The Ayahuasca Vine
Means “ Rope of the soul”

Same plant as caapi.

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39
Q

What part of the plant is white pepper?

A

The pit of a drupe.

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40
Q

Where is cinnamon zeylancium native to?

A

Sri lanka.

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41
Q

What is the “King of Spices”?

A

Black Pepper.

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42
Q

What spice has uses aside from being a spice such as in tooth paste, medicines & cigerettes?

A

Clove.

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43
Q

Spice which has the combined flavors of cinnamon, nutmag and cloves?

A

Allspice.

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44
Q

What comon name plant family gives rise to most herbs?

A

The carrot family.
(Apiaceae.)

(Dill and Cumin)

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45
Q

What part of the plant is Mace?

A

The Aril/ Seed coat of the nutmeg plant.
(Nutmeg is the seed.)

Nutmeg is a seed, not a true nut.

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46
Q

What has occured with price of pure vanilla? Why?

A

The price has significantly dropped. This is due to the production of Vanillin- A synthetic. Since Vanillin is cheap, pure vanilla price dropped to be able to compete in the market.

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47
Q

What three spices are in the family zingiberaceae?

A

Ginger.
Cardamom.
Turmeric.

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48
Q

What antioxidant is known for being in turmeric?
What other spice is needed to absorb this?

A

Curcumin
Needs Black pepper (Piperin-antioxidant)

increases absorption by up to 2000%!

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49
Q

what two spices are from modified under ground rhizomes?

A

Ginger and Turmeric.

Horseraddish is from a regular herb root, not a rhizome.

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50
Q

What is artemisinin used to treat?
Where is it obtained from?

A

Used to treat malaria
Derived from Artemesia annua (Chinese Wormwood.)

Brand: Coartem.

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51
Q

What is ephedra used for besides congestion?

A

Cancer treatments.

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52
Q

What are the two alkaloids produced from the Rosy Periwinkle?

A

Vinblastin and Vincristine.

AKA: Madagascar Periwinkle.
Used to treat Child hood leukemia and lymphoma.

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53
Q

Where are the medicanl components of the cinchona plant stored?

A

In the Sap of the Leaves.

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54
Q

What group of people used spices/ herbs extensively?

A

Egyptians.

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55
Q

What was the spice trade?
Who were the middle men?

A

1400 BCE
Mediterranean and Far East.
Arab merchants

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56
Q

Spices were in great demand where in historical times?

A

Romans.

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57
Q

Why was a years worth of cinnamon burned in rome?

A

in honor of nero’s wife.

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58
Q

Who became a prisoner of war and wrote about the spice trade?

A

Marco Polo

59
Q

Who controlled the spice trade before 1796?
After?

A

The Dutch.
The British East India company.

60
Q

What is one the oldest and most valubale spices?

A

Cinnamon.
(Inner Tree bark of the Cinnamon tree.)

61
Q

What is the mimic of cinnamon?

A

Ceylon/ Cassia Cinnamon.

62
Q

What family is cinnamon

A

Luaraceae

63
Q

What two spices are in the family Myrtaceae?

A

Cloves and Allspice

64
Q

What two spices are both associated with eugenol oil?

A

Cloves and Allspice.

65
Q

Jamaica Pepper/ Clove Pepper/ Pimento?

A

Allspice.

66
Q

Who controls the production of allspice?

A

Jamaica.

67
Q

What part of the plant is allspice?

A

Dried Berries.

68
Q

What is the species part of Black pepper?

A

Nigrum.

69
Q

Where is pepper native to?

A

India and east Indies.

70
Q

Where is the pungency in pepper from?

A

Pyridine Derivatives.

71
Q

What is black pepper used to treat?

A

Digestive issues/ cure for poisons.

72
Q

Where is spice capitol/ pepper capitol?

A

Cochin India.

73
Q

Leading producers of mace/ nutmeg?

A

Guatamala and indonesia.

74
Q

What is a carminative?

A

Drug which relieves flatulance.

75
Q

What can star anise be used to treat?

A

Flatulance (Carminative.)

76
Q

what spice (Dried seeds and whole pods.) is used heavily in indian dishes?

A

Cardamom.

77
Q

Gingerols?

A

Non-volatile compound from ginger.

78
Q

What spice has yellow rhizome?

A

Turmeric.

Curcumin

79
Q

Arabic word for saffron?

A

Zafarn.

80
Q

What part of the plant in saffron?

A

Stigmas of ovary, collected in early morning during blooming period.

81
Q

Leading producer of saffron?

A

Iran.
Introduced to spain by arabs.

82
Q

What is the vanilla family?

A

Orchidaceae

83
Q

What kind of plant in vanilla?

A

Perennial vine that has vanilla pods.

Vanilla is not a bean/ legume!!

84
Q

What spice comes from the nightshade family?

A

Chilli pepper.
Solanaceae.

85
Q

Spice compound in chilli?

A

Capsaicin.

86
Q

Spice compound in black pepper?

A

Piperine.

87
Q

Spicy Scale?

A

Scoville Scale.

88
Q

What family has the most herbs?

A

Apiaceae.
Dill, Anise, Cilantro, Coriander, Cumin, Caraway, Fennel etc.

Carrot Family.

89
Q

What kind of fruit is herbs?

A

Schizocarp.

90
Q

What is the mustard family?

A

Brassicaceae.
Mustard family

Crucifers.

Mustard gas is synthetic.

91
Q

What is the mint family?

A

Lamiaceae.
Mint, basil Oregano.

92
Q

Pizza herb?

A

oregano.

93
Q

Three specie colors of mustard?

A

Nigra: Black
Juncea: Brown
Alba: White.

94
Q

Three features of the mint family?

A

Square stems
simple aromatic leaves
irregular flowers.

95
Q

Where is horseraddish native to?

A

Europe.

Taproots are used.

96
Q

What is the pungent compound of horseraddish?

A

Sinigrin.

97
Q

What are the two spiecies names of mint?

A

Spicata: Spearmint.
Piperita: Peppermint.

98
Q

Sweet basil name?

A

Ocimum Basilicum

in the mint family

99
Q

What Plant is Taxus Brevifolia?

A

Pacific Yew.
Active compound Taxol from the bark.

Brevifolia= Brief/ small leaves.

100
Q

Father of modern medicine?

A

Hippocrates.

101
Q

Who wrote historia plantarium?

A

Theophrastus
Wrote Botany book.
Student of hippocrates.

102
Q

Who wrote de materia medica?

A

Pedanius Dioscorides

103
Q

Who wrote the doctrine of signatures?

A

Paracelsus.

104
Q

Book descrbing the “god-like” signs of plants and which one’s could be used based on how the plant looks.

A

Doctrine of signatures.

105
Q

At first rauwolfia was used for snake bite victims, it was not effective, why was it used?

A

This is becuase it was a “ doctrine of signatures” use at first. The roots looked like snakes, called snakeroot.

106
Q

What is the synthetic form of ephedrine?

A

pseudoephedrine.

107
Q

What is a primary metabolite?

A

A chemical compound produced by an organism which is essential for it’s growth and survival.
EX: Carbohydrates, Proteins & lipids.

108
Q

What is a secondary metabolite?

A

A non-essential compound produced by an organism, that usually provides some secondary benefit to it. Usually a defense mechanism.
These are commonly collected and used by humans in products such as medications.

109
Q

What are the four main classes of secondary metabolites?

A

Sterols
Phenols
Glycosides
Alkaloids

110
Q

What other plant do we known which shares a family with cinchona?

A

Coffee
Family: Rubiaceae.

111
Q

Where is cinchona native to?

A

Andes Mountains.

112
Q

Where does the active compound in cinchona come from?
Use?

A

The Bark.
Used in malaria treatment.

113
Q

Cinchona common name?

A

Fever Bark Tree.

114
Q

Natives who used cinchona?
Moderns?

A

Inca of peru
Jesuit missonaries (Spanish.)

115
Q

Cinchona namesake?

A

Countess of cinchon
Spanish noble women who survived malaria after jesuit missonaries saw the inca using it.

Jesuit missonaries: from spain.

116
Q

what does Malaria mean?

A

Mal-Air.

117
Q

what does Quina Quina mean?

A

Bark Bark.

118
Q

Fever, chills and enlarged spleen symptoms of what?

A

Malaria.

119
Q

Who discovered that mosquitos are a vector for malaria?

A

Ronald Ross.

120
Q

What was the snake bite use of rauwolfia taking place?

A

Hindu healers in India.

121
Q

What is moon disease?

A

Folk name for schizophrenia.

122
Q

What is another name for madagascar periwinkle?

A

Rosy Periwinkle.

123
Q

What is Salix Alba?
Compound and use?

A

White Willow.
Glycoside used for fever and chills.

124
Q

Who discovered the glycoside within White willow?

A

Salix Alba
Edmund Stone.

125
Q

What plant is aspirin from?

A

Spiraea
Meadow Sweet.

Family Roscaceae: Rose Family.

126
Q

Who extracted aspirin from Spirea/ Meadow Sweet?

A

Felix Hoffman.

127
Q

What is the glycoside which comes from salix Alba?

A

Salicin

White Willow

128
Q

What is the active compound from spiraea?

A

Acetyl Salicylic Acid.
Used in Aspirin.

129
Q

What does belladonna mean?

A

Beautiful Lady.

130
Q

Where is atropa belladonna native to?

A

Europe and central asia.

131
Q

Modern and folk use of belladonna.

A

Mordern: Opthalmic (Atropine.)
Folk: Iris Dilation- Cosmetic.

132
Q

What is the group name for alkaloids from the nightshade family?

A

Tropane Alkaloids.

133
Q

What compound comes from the foxglove plant?
Uses?
Origin?

A

Digitoxin.
Folk: Heart Attack sympotoms (Dropsy.)
Native to europe and central Asia.

134
Q

Who was one of the first people to popularize the uses of aloe?

A

Alexander the Great.

135
Q

What is the Primary compound in aloe?
Where is it located?

A

Alion (Glycoside.)
2nd: Salicylic Acid (Glycoside) both in the latex.

136
Q

What plant is Podophyllum from?

A

Mayapple.

137
Q

What part of the mayapple contains?

A

The rhizome.

138
Q

Mayapple use?

A

Anti tumor (Testicular, lung, breast.)
Very corrosive and toxic
Folk: used to remove warts.

139
Q

How is papaya use medicinally?

A

The seeds contain Protein degrading enzymes in the latex.

140
Q

What compound is commercially used to induce polyploidy in plants?

A

Colchicine from meadow saffron (Cholchicum).

141
Q

What is used for gluacoma?

A

Cannabis.

142
Q

What is used as an anti-epileptic?

A

MJ

143
Q
A

Ethnobotany. (3 decks)

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