EXAM 1 Flashcards
The study and investigation of plants used by native societies across the world. This includes medicinal, cultural, historical, religious, and culinary aspects of plants and people from a botanical and anthropological perspective.
Ethnobotany.
The study of plants that are useful, or have potential uses, to people and society.
Economic Botany.
The art and science of growing plants for human health, enjoyment, use, or consumption.
Horticulture.
The study and practice of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, or land-reclamation.
Agronomy.
A branch of Paleontology that focuses on identifying plant remains and fossils, and their use in reconstructing past environments and histories.
Paleobotany.
Coined in 1874 by Stephen Powers, aboriginal botany refers to the study of all forms of plant life that the aborigines or tribal people use for food, medicine, textile, and ornaments. Aboriginal botany gave rise to the modern field of Ethnobotany.
Aboriginal Botany.
What did John William Harshburger do?
in 1896 coined the term ethnobotany.
A psycho active cactus commonly used by native Americans for ceremonial purposes.
Who studied this cactus?
Peyote Cactus, studied by Richard E. Schultes, studied peyote cactus with amazon native Americans
What type of botany gave rise to general ethnobotany as we know it today?
Aboriginal Botany.
Who first used the term ethnobotany?
John William Harshberger
What was the first published ethnobotany book, by who?
Ethnobotany on medicinal plants used by the rural people of bosnia.
- Leopold Glueck
Who is considered the father of ethnobotany?
Richard E. Schultes
2 Books written by Richard E. Schultes?
The healing forest.
The plants of the gods.
Any edible plant part that people consume either cooked or raw as part of their regular meals.
Vegetable.
What is bolting?
What three vegetables does this affect most?
When a plant produces flowers in see before ready to harvest. This commonly occurs in cauliflower/ broccoli/ cabbage and lettuce in warmer climates and renders them distasteful.
What are 2 vegetables produced from apical stem growth suppression?
Cabbage and lettuce.
What is the mustard family name?
Name 7 vegetables in this family.
Brassicaceae family: Lettuce, Broccoli, Cauliflower, turnips, kohlrabi, kale, brussel sprout.
Vegetables derived from brassicaceae?
Cruciferous vegetables.
What are 3 characteristics of cruciferous/ brassicaceae vegetables?
- Tap roots
- Nutrients and antioxidants proven to lower LDL
- Reduces free radicals.
2 uses from cabbage?
Sauerkraut and kimchee.
(good course vit C) Boy choy is a Chinese cabbage.
What 5 vegetables originated in mediterranean?
- Beets
- Parsnip
- Cabbage
- Collard
- Kohlrabi
What 4 vegetables originated in Asia?
- Amaranth greens.
- Spinach
- Chinese cabbage
- Radish
—Celery & Turnips - Eurasia.
What 5 vegetables originated in Europe?
- Carrot
- Asparagus
- Broccoli
- Brussel Sprouts
- Cauliflower
—Celery & Turnips - Eurasia.
Cauliflower and broccoli are which parts of the stem?
Terminal (cauliflower also has apical meristem extensions, curds.)
What comes from a wild form of kale?
Broccoli and cauliflower.
What is broccoflower?
How was it produced traditionally?
A variation of broccoli/ cauliflower. Traditional cauliflower was produced by stopping sunlight from getting to the vegetable, when exposed to light it would be green ie. broccoflower.
(This does not occur in modern cauliflower.)
What part is the stem? What is eaten?
Kolhrabi
-Short fat/ flashy stem
- Leaves.
All edible but usually the skin and leaves are peeled to eat the stem.
What vegetable originates from un-stunted cabbage?
What is it’s cultivated form?
Kale.
The cultivated form of kale is collard greens.
What are brusselsprouts?
Vegetables which originate from stunted axillary buds.
Petiole?
Leaf
What 5 nutrients are abundant in the amaranthaceae family Amaranthaceae?
- A
- C
- B6
- Folic acid
- Calcium
What are 4 vegetables in the amaranthaceae family?
- Spinach
- Beets
- Amaranth green
- Quinoa
What two nutrients are abundant in spinach?
Folic Acin and non-heme iron (do not eat W/ Dairy- no absorption.
Best= Cooked + Vit C)
What family is asparagus in?
Asparagaceae- monocot family
What is Basella?
From basellaceae family, Malabar spinach.
A horizontal underground stem that can grow shoots and roots to create a new plant
Rhizome, Think asparagus.
It is NOT a root!! Brown in color due to lack of sunlight.
What are two nutrients abundant in asparagus?
Folic acid and dietary fiber.
Horseradish/ drumstick tree?
Moringa tree, family: Moringaceae
What tree has higher percentage of Ca, Protein, Mg, K, Fe, Vit A & C?
Moringa tree: Historically India cooked the leaves and young fruits.
Eaten Modern: Raw, cooked, powdered.
Helps food insecure communities.
Wild plant are carrots derived from?
Wild Queen Annes lace. (OG purple)
What is responsible for carrots orange color?
Beta Carotene —> vit A.
Moringa Tree with seed pods.
Parsnips.
What are the 3 types of beets?
- Swiss Chard: Leafy, yellowish root- used to feed livestock.
- Vegetable Beet
- Sugar Beet: Used to produce sugar.
What has the highest sugar content of all vegetables and is low in calories?
Beets.
What is one of the oldest known crops?
Turnips.
What vegetable is high in Dietary fiber, Vit C, B6, Folic Acid, Ca, K, Cu?
Turnips.
Rutabaga
Turnips.
What is canola oil produced from?
Canola plant- a derivate of turnip & rutabaga.
What vegetable is given a wax coat for transport?
Rutabaga, due to it’s low moisture content.
What family is raddish?
Mustard/ Brassicaceae.
What are the four nutrients radish is abundant in?
Folic Acid, Vit C, B6 and fiber.
What are two examples of vegetable that are rhizomes?
Ginger, Sunchoke. NOT roots!
Asparagus has rhizomes, but they are not the vegetable.
What is a Corm?
A Short/ Thick Rhizome.
What is a Bulb?
Shortened/ Thick/ Compressed Root with fibrous roots. (Think Onions and Tulips.)
What are Tubers?
Swollen tip of stem extension called Stolons.
(Think Potatoes and cassava.)
Cassava.
What other three names does cassava go by?
Manioc/ Tapioca/ Yuca.
Can you eat raw cassava?
NO, it contains compounds which your body can/ will convert into cyanide contained in the latex of the plant.
: (
What is farofa?
Cassava flour.
What are sago pearls?
Rounded balls of starch made from the pith of a sago palm, sorta like tapioca, used in some puddings.
Made from sago powder.
What is Sabudana?
Cassava version of Sago powder, used for tapioca pearls.
What are three vegetables from the Solanaceae family
Potatoes, bell peppers, and tomatoes.
What kind of root is jicama?
Tuber.
Where did white potatoes originate?
Andes mountain South America
What family are sweet potatoes, what else are they known as?
Morning glory family.
Some people call them yams, but true yams are monocots and sweet potatoes are dicots.
World leading producer of sweet potatoe?
China.
What are yams and sweet potatoes?
Tubers.
How are yams culitvated?
Asexually.
What is yam cult?
This is where the size of the Yam represent the status of the owner.
What tuber contains a higher protein?
Yams. They also contain oxalate, B6 Folate and fiber.
What have the presence of glycosides in inedible varieties of yams led to the production of?
Certain birth controls.
What is taro?
A corm from Araceae, that originated in southeast asia.
Apical buds of the corm can be used for asexual propagation.
What does taro contain?
Strach, minor protein, & Ca from Ca oxalate crystals- reason for cooking.
What is taro dish in hawaii?
Poi
8 vegetables from “modified” stems?
- Potatoes
- Taro
- Ginger
- Sunchoke
- Onion
- Yam
- Sweet potato
- Cassava
What are vegetables part of the alliaceae?
- Onion
- Garlic
- Shallots
- Leeks
- Chives
Why is family alliaceae so pungent? (think garlic and onion.)
Due to sulfuric compounds –> sulfuric acid.
Red/ Blue/ Purple pigment abundant in red beans/ blueberries/ cranberries/ purple corn/ red cabbage/ red potatoes and strawberries?
Anthocyanins.
White/ Cream/ Yellow pigment abundant in Turnips/ parsnip/ beets/ yellow cactus pear?
Anthoxanthins.
Orange/ bright green pigment abundant in carrots/ collard greens/ kale/ spinach/ broccoli/ cantaloupe/ apricots/ pumpkin
Beta-carotene. (anti-oxidant.)
Black/ colorless pigment abundant in black/ green/ white teas and dark chocolate
Catechins
Green/ Red pigment abundant in artichokes/ avocado/ spinach/ broccoli and kale
Folate
Orange/ pink/ red pigment abundant in red peppers/ pink guava/ tomato and watermelon?
Lycopene
Green pigment common in artichokes/ kale/ collard greens/ spinach/ squash/ carrots and lettuce.
Lutein
Dark red/ purple pigment abundant in purple grapes?
Resveratrol
What are fructose/ sucrose/ maltose/ cellulose/ starch examples of? what are they converted into?
Carbohydrates, these are converted into glucose, except for cellulose which only provides fiber and not nutritional value but is still needed for healthy digestion.
Where are soluble fibers found, use?
Found in pectin, mucilage and gums and can help reduce LDL.
Apples and oats are rich in soluble fibers.
What protein plant sources?
Legumes, soy beans, lentils, nuts and chickpeas. Said to have more diverse sets of amino acids.
What two amino acids are abundant in chocolate and quinoa?
Lysine and tryptophan
What two plant oils have saturated fats (bad)?
Palm and coconut oil.
What plants sources are abundant in calcium? (8)
most nuts, broccoli, artichoke, kale, spinach, asparagus, orange, and blackberries.
What plants are good sources of nonheme iron? (7)
Dark green vegetables, dried fruits, sweet potatoes, legumes, whole grains, enriched breads and cereals.
What mineral is necessary to uptake iron?
copper.