EXAM 1 Flashcards
The study and investigation of plants used by native societies across the world. This includes medicinal, cultural, historical, religious, and culinary aspects of plants and people from a botanical and anthropological perspective.
Ethnobotany.
The study of plants that are useful, or have potential uses, to people and society.
Economic Botany.
The art and science of growing plants for human health, enjoyment, use, or consumption.
Horticulture.
The study and practice of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, or land-reclamation.
Agronomy.
A branch of Paleontology that focuses on identifying plant remains and fossils, and their use in reconstructing past environments and histories.
Paleobotany.
Coined in 1874 by Stephen Powers, aboriginal botany refers to the study of all forms of plant life that the aborigines or tribal people use for food, medicine, textile, and ornaments. Aboriginal botany gave rise to the modern field of Ethnobotany.
Aboriginal Botany.
What did John William Harshburger do?
in 1896 coined the term ethnobotany.
A psycho active cactus commonly used by native Americans for ceremonial purposes.
Who studied this cactus?
Peyote Cactus, studied by Richard E. Schultes, studied peyote cactus with amazon native Americans
What type of botany gave rise to general ethnobotany as we know it today?
Aboriginal Botany.
Who first used the term ethnobotany?
John William Harshberger
What was the first published ethnobotany book, by who?
Ethnobotany on medicinal plants used by the rural people of bosnia.
- Leopold Glueck
Who is considered the father of ethnobotany?
Richard E. Schultes
2 Books written by Richard E. Schultes?
The healing forest.
The plants of the gods.
Any edible plant part that people consume either cooked or raw as part of their regular meals.
Vegetable.
What is bolting?
What three vegetables does this affect most?
When a plant produces flowers in see before ready to harvest. This commonly occurs in cauliflower/ broccoli/ cabbage and lettuce in warmer climates and renders them distasteful.
What are 2 vegetables produced from apical stem growth suppression?
Cabbage and lettuce.
What is the mustard family name?
Name 7 vegetables in this family.
Brassicaceae family: Lettuce, Broccoli, Cauliflower, turnips, kohlrabi, kale, brussel sprout.
Vegetables derived from brassicaceae?
Cruciferous vegetables.
What are 3 characteristics of cruciferous/ brassicaceae vegetables?
- Tap roots
- Nutrients and antioxidants proven to lower LDL
- Reduces free radicals.
2 uses from cabbage?
Sauerkraut and kimchee.
(good course vit C) Boy choy is a Chinese cabbage.
What 5 vegetables originated in mediterranean?
- Beets
- Parsnip
- Cabbage
- Collard
- Kohlrabi
What 4 vegetables originated in Asia?
- Amaranth greens.
- Spinach
- Chinese cabbage
- Radish
—Celery & Turnips - Eurasia.
What 5 vegetables originated in Europe?
- Carrot
- Asparagus
- Broccoli
- Brussel Sprouts
- Cauliflower
—Celery & Turnips - Eurasia.
Cauliflower and broccoli are which parts of the stem?
Terminal (cauliflower also has apical meristem extensions, curds.)
What comes from a wild form of kale?
Broccoli and cauliflower.
What is broccoflower?
How was it produced traditionally?
A variation of broccoli/ cauliflower. Traditional cauliflower was produced by stopping sunlight from getting to the vegetable, when exposed to light it would be green ie. broccoflower.
(This does not occur in modern cauliflower.)
What part is the stem? What is eaten?
Kolhrabi
-Short fat/ flashy stem
- Leaves.
All edible but usually the skin and leaves are peeled to eat the stem.
What vegetable originates from un-stunted cabbage?
What is it’s cultivated form?
Kale.
The cultivated form of kale is collard greens.
What are brusselsprouts?
Vegetables which originate from stunted axillary buds.
Petiole?
Leaf
What 5 nutrients are abundant in the amaranthaceae family Amaranthaceae?
- A
- C
- B6
- Folic acid
- Calcium
What are 4 vegetables in the amaranthaceae family?
- Spinach
- Beets
- Amaranth green
- Quinoa
What two nutrients are abundant in spinach?
Folic Acin and non-heme iron (do not eat W/ Dairy- no absorption.
Best= Cooked + Vit C)
What family is asparagus in?
Asparagaceae- monocot family
What is Basella?
From basellaceae family, Malabar spinach.
A horizontal underground stem that can grow shoots and roots to create a new plant
Rhizome, Think asparagus.
It is NOT a root!! Brown in color due to lack of sunlight.
What are two nutrients abundant in asparagus?
Folic acid and dietary fiber.
Horseradish/ drumstick tree?
Moringa tree, family: Moringaceae
What tree has higher percentage of Ca, Protein, Mg, K, Fe, Vit A & C?
Moringa tree: Historically India cooked the leaves and young fruits.
Eaten Modern: Raw, cooked, powdered.
Helps food insecure communities.
Wild plant are carrots derived from?
Wild Queen Annes lace. (OG purple)
What is responsible for carrots orange color?
Beta Carotene —> vit A.
Moringa Tree with seed pods.
Parsnips.
What are the 3 types of beets?
- Swiss Chard: Leafy, yellowish root- used to feed livestock.
- Vegetable Beet
- Sugar Beet: Used to produce sugar.
What has the highest sugar content of all vegetables and is low in calories?
Beets.
What is one of the oldest known crops?
Turnips.
What vegetable is high in Dietary fiber, Vit C, B6, Folic Acid, Ca, K, Cu?
Turnips.
Rutabaga
Turnips.
What is canola oil produced from?
Canola plant- a derivate of turnip & rutabaga.
What vegetable is given a wax coat for transport?
Rutabaga, due to it’s low moisture content.
What family is raddish?
Mustard/ Brassicaceae.
What are the four nutrients radish is abundant in?
Folic Acid, Vit C, B6 and fiber.
What are two examples of vegetable that are rhizomes?
Ginger, Sunchoke. NOT roots!
Asparagus has rhizomes, but they are not the vegetable.
What is a Corm?
A Short/ Thick Rhizome.
What is a Bulb?
Shortened/ Thick/ Compressed Root with fibrous roots. (Think Onions and Tulips.)
What are Tubers?
Swollen tip of stem extension called Stolons.
(Think Potatoes and cassava.)
Cassava.
What other three names does cassava go by?
Manioc/ Tapioca/ Yuca.
Can you eat raw cassava?
NO, it contains compounds which your body can/ will convert into cyanide contained in the latex of the plant.
: (
What is farofa?
Cassava flour.
What are sago pearls?
Rounded balls of starch made from the pith of a sago palm, sorta like tapioca, used in some puddings.
Made from sago powder.
What is Sabudana?
Cassava version of Sago powder, used for tapioca pearls.
What are three vegetables from the Solanaceae family
Potatoes, bell peppers, and tomatoes.
What kind of root is jicama?
Tuber.
Where did white potatoes originate?
Andes mountain South America
What family are sweet potatoes, what else are they known as?
Morning glory family.
Some people call them yams, but true yams are monocots and sweet potatoes are dicots.
World leading producer of sweet potatoe?
China.
What are yams and sweet potatoes?
Tubers.
How are yams culitvated?
Asexually.
What is yam cult?
This is where the size of the Yam represent the status of the owner.
What tuber contains a higher protein?
Yams. They also contain oxalate, B6 Folate and fiber.
What have the presence of glycosides in inedible varieties of yams led to the production of?
Certain birth controls.
What is taro?
A corm from Araceae, that originated in southeast asia.
Apical buds of the corm can be used for asexual propagation.
What does taro contain?
Strach, minor protein, & Ca from Ca oxalate crystals- reason for cooking.
What is taro dish in hawaii?
Poi
8 vegetables from “modified” stems?
- Potatoes
- Taro
- Ginger
- Sunchoke
- Onion
- Yam
- Sweet potato
- Cassava
What are vegetables part of the alliaceae?
- Onion
- Garlic
- Shallots
- Leeks
- Chives
Why is family alliaceae so pungent? (think garlic and onion.)
Due to sulfuric compounds –> sulfuric acid.
Red/ Blue/ Purple pigment abundant in red beans/ blueberries/ cranberries/ purple corn/ red cabbage/ red potatoes and strawberries?
Anthocyanins.
White/ Cream/ Yellow pigment abundant in Turnips/ parsnip/ beets/ yellow cactus pear?
Anthoxanthins.
Orange/ bright green pigment abundant in carrots/ collard greens/ kale/ spinach/ broccoli/ cantaloupe/ apricots/ pumpkin
Beta-carotene. (anti-oxidant.)
Black/ colorless pigment abundant in black/ green/ white teas and dark chocolate
Catechins
Green/ Red pigment abundant in artichokes/ avocado/ spinach/ broccoli and kale
Folate
Orange/ pink/ red pigment abundant in red peppers/ pink guava/ tomato and watermelon?
Lycopene
Green pigment common in artichokes/ kale/ collard greens/ spinach/ squash/ carrots and lettuce.
Lutein
Dark red/ purple pigment abundant in purple grapes?
Resveratrol
What are fructose/ sucrose/ maltose/ cellulose/ starch examples of? what are they converted into?
Carbohydrates, these are converted into glucose, except for cellulose which only provides fiber and not nutritional value but is still needed for healthy digestion.
Where are soluble fibers found, use?
Found in pectin, mucilage and gums and can help reduce LDL.
Apples and oats are rich in soluble fibers.
What protein plant sources?
Legumes, soy beans, lentils, nuts and chickpeas. Said to have more diverse sets of amino acids.
What two amino acids are abundant in chocolate and quinoa?
Lysine and tryptophan
What two plant oils have saturated fats (bad)?
Palm and coconut oil.
What plants sources are abundant in calcium? (8)
most nuts, broccoli, artichoke, kale, spinach, asparagus, orange, and blackberries.
What plants are good sources of nonheme iron? (7)
Dark green vegetables, dried fruits, sweet potatoes, legumes, whole grains, enriched breads and cereals.
What mineral is necessary to uptake iron?
copper.
What are two good plant sources of copper?
Kiwi and lima beans.
What are two good plant sources of potassium?
Banana, avocado, and most nuts. (red potatoes.)
What is a good source of selenium? (rare to be deficient.)
Nuts.
What are 5 good sources of zinc?
Nuts, kiwi, blackberries, lima beans and corn.
What are 6 water soluble vitamins?
Vit C, B complex vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, niacin, biotin, and folic acid.
(Fruits, legumes, whole grains, seeds, and leafy green vegetables.)
What are 4 fat-soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K. D can only be obtained from sun/ animal sources.
(Seeds, Fruits, carrots, broccoli, and spinach.)
What color are carotenoids?
Orange/ red/ yellow/ bright green.
What color are flavonoids?
Blue/ Purple/ Black.
Which vegetable is most known for it’s lycopene content?
Tomatoes.
What is bulrush also known as?
Totorocane.
Where did the white potato originate from?
South America.
Where is corn native to?
Mexico
Where is sugar cane native to?
New guinea and pacific islands.
Where is banana native to?
Australia.
Where is cassava native to?
South America.
Vase from Moche, Peru showing three corn gods.
Crete, Mediterranean sculpture showing poppy capsules.
Chimu culture, Peru Potato pot
Greek coin showing barley.
Who wrote “Tales of a shamans apprentice”
Where was his research focused?
Mark Plotkin.
Focused in Suriname/ Colombia/ Brazil -all South America.
Who explored the amazon & Andes studying Caapi?
What is Caapi also known as?
Edmund Wade Davis
-Ayahuasca
Who collected many plant samples for the New York Botanical Garden?
Explored Asia, South America and Parts of Europe.
Michael J Balick.
Who is Associated with the green pharmacy program?
James A. Duke.
Where does rice originate?
South east asia.
Where does celery originate?
Mediterranean.. think greek.
Where do carrots originate?
Mediterranean
Where do avocados originate?
Mexico
where does wasabi originate?
Japan
Where does Soy originate?
China
Where does reed plant originate?
Marsh FL & CA
What is pectin?
This is a structural component of plant walls and denatures with heat and causes the vegetable to soften. it is a soluble fiber.
What are two oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids? (good)
Sesame oil and corn.
What are the essential fatty acids? (2)
What are two good plant sources?
Omega 3 & 6
-Walnuts/ flaxseed.
What are three nutrients broccoli is abundant in?
A, K, Ca.
What is Quercitin?
What it is abundant in? (2)
A type of flavonoid abundant in red onions and blueberries.
Who is the father of binomial nomenclature?
Carl Linneas.
What 7 vegetables are derived from hypocotyl? (embryonic type of stem?)
Beets, carrots, parsnip, radish, rutabagas, daikons, and turnips.
Which vegetable is derived from a swollen petiole?
Celery
Which vegetable is derived from unopen flower buds?
broccoli.
Which vegetable is derived from proliferated stem tips?
Cauliflower
Which vegetable is derived from a storage stem?
Kohlrabi.
Why are they called cruciferous vegetables?
Their produced flowers resemble a cross.
What is Brocco-rabe a cross of?
Broccoli and radish.
What does Oleracea mean?
Kitchen garden.
What is something red cabbages are abundant in that green are not as?
Flavonoids.
What plant part is the cabbage head?
Modified leaves.
What is the carrot family?
Apiaceae and includes celery.
What is the greek meaning of celery?
What are it’s medicinal uses?
Life and fertility
Help W/ Hypertension.
What is celeriac?
Rooted celery, the root is the vegetable.
What was the world spinach producer?
Crystal City, Texas.
they have a popeye sailor statue in commemoration.
What family is lettuce in? what is this family also known as?
Asteraceae- The Sunflower Family.
What does Sative Mean?
Cultivated.
What is a use of chicory?
Coffee substitute.
What can Malabar spinach help with?
Constipation, has a cooling effect and helps with stomach irritation.
What is the plant portion between the stem and root?
Hypocotyl.
What family is the carrot family?
Apiaceae.
What was the OG carrot color?
Purple, still exist in afganistan.
What is betacarotene coverted into?
Vit A.
What type of beet is higher in antiooxidant?
Swiff chard/ Leaf beet.
Who discovered sucrose/ Sugar use in beets?
Andreas Marggraf.
What does campestris mean?
Perfectly formed.
What does vulgaris mean?
Common
A group of flowers arranged in a single cluster?
inflorescence.
What are two vegetables derived from storage roots?
Cassava and sweet potato.
Cassava AKA:
Manoic
What is Farofa?
Cassava Flour.
Central Andes Natives made what from died white potato?
Chuno- Dry mass of cellulose and starch.
What is solanine, how does it affect white potatoes?
This is a toxic glyco agent that become produced in potatoes that have too much sun exposure and turns them green.
What are sapogenic glycosides?
Toxin produced in wild yams- inedible.
Cultivated yams have less but still not to been cooked to eliminate risk. Same with cassava.
What vegetable is derived from corm?
Taro AKA Dasheen.
What vegetable is derived from the bulb?
Onion.
What two vegetables are derived from tuberous roots?
Cassava and sweet potato
What is poi made from?
Taro- A Hawiian dish.
What part of the Chive is eaten?
Leaves only.
What causes the pungent scent of onion?
Sulfur compounds.
What does artichoke name mean?
Arabic- earth thorn.
What plant modification is the artichoke?
What is the modification called?
immature inflorescence.
This is called Capitulum- a type of inflorescence and refers to the head of artichoke.
Rhizome and Corm are both modified what?
Stems.
Corm is swollen underground stem base (Taro).
Rhizome is a stem which grows underground and produces more plant- connected by stolons.
Corm Vs bulb?
Both are modified swollen stem bases and are round, but bulbs will be surrounded by fleshy leaf base layers.
What is a cladophyll?
A flattened leaf like stem.
Name two example of rhizome vegetables:
Ginger and Turmeric.
Name 5 vegetables from monocots?
Onions, Garlic, asparagus, yams, and leaks.
A mature ovary and it’s contents?
Fruit: apple, beans, okra, corn, coconut etc.
Perocarp
Fruit wall/ ovary wall.
What are the seeds of fruits?
Ovules.
Unfertilized, but mature overy fruit?
Parthenocarpic.
Accessory fruits plant name?
Sepals.
Develops from ovary, thin exocarp, merged meso and endocarp.
Berry: tomatoes, blue berry, avocado.
Superior ovary, thin exocarp, exocarp is flashy or fibrous, endocarp in stoney and encloses a pit.
Drupe/ stone fruits: Peach, cherries, mango, almonds.
Semi-inferior ovary, non ovary tissue around the seed becomes part of the fruit- accessory fruit. Thin exo and endo carp. mesocarp is fleshy.
Pome fruits: apple, pear,
inferior ovary non ovary tissue around the seed becomes part of the fruit- accessory fruit. Exocarp forms thick hard “rind”, meso and endocarp are fleshy. many seeds.
Pepo fruits: Pumpkin, water melon
Superior ovary, leathery exocarp, spongy mesocarp and endocarp filled with thin juice filler “hairs”
Hesperidium- Oranges, grapefruit, lemons.
single flower with many separate ovaries resulting in one fruit?
Aggregate fruit: Strawberry, blackberry.
Multiple flowers of an inflorescence resulting in one fruit.
Multiple fruit: figs, Pineapple.
Name 4 berries:
Blue berry, guava, kiwi, cranberry.
Name 3 drupes:
Coconut, cherry, olive,
Name 2 poms
Quince, pear. (semi inferior)
Name 2 pepos:
All squash (pumpkin), Watermelon. (inferior)
What ovary is hesperidium derived from?
Superior Citrus.
What 5 types of fruit are single flower/ single ovary?
Berries, Drups, Pomes, Pepos and hesperidium.
Name two multiple fruits:
Mulberry, Noni
Name two aggregate fruits:
Raspberry, custard apple.
What are the four subfamilies of Rosaceae fruits?
- Maloideae: pome fruits- Apple and pears.
- Amygdaloideae: Stone fruits- Peaches, cherries, apricots, plums.
- Rosoideae: Aggregate fruits- strawberry and rose hips.
- Spiraeoideae: Dry and inedible
What stone fruit belongs to a different family?
Mangoes- anacardiaceae family
What the accessory tissues of fruit?
tissue that does not include the ovary, such as the receptacle.
Name 5 stone fruits:
Peach- rose fam- amygdaloideae.
Plum- rose fam- rosaceae
Apricot- rose fam- rosaceae
Cherry- rose fam- rosaceae
Almonds- rose fam- prunoideae
What is the gourd family of flowering fruits?
Curcurbitaceae family
Includes squashes & melons
What are the three sisters?
Corn, Bean, Squash- these plants are commonly grown together and create their own cycle of ground nourishment.
What chemicals are in squash seeds?
Sulfur containing compounds.
What are the uses of squash?
Flesh can be eaten
flowers commonly added to soups
leaves are vegetables.
Where did watermelon originate?
Africa, now mostly grown in texas and california.
Watermelon has acidic pulp and sugary water.
What is the berry of a citrus plant called?
Hesperidium, which is in the family Rutaceae. develop from superior ovary.
What are 7 Hesperidium fruits?
- Oranges
- Tangerines
- Citron
- Grapefruit
- Lemon
- Lime
- Pummelo
- cumquat
What is the largest citrus fruit?
Pummelo Grapefruit x Orange mix.
Name two fruits in the Ericaceae family:
Blueberry- has flavonoids
Cranberry- antioxidant rich “super fruit”
Name 4 fruits in the moraceae family
- Fig
- Jackfruit
- Breadfruit
- Mulberry
What pairs poorly with jackfruit?
Soda
How is jackfruit eaten?
How to know when ripe?
The flesh can be eaten and the seeds are commonly boiled to be eaten.
Ripeness is only told by the smell.
Where do figs originate from?
Mediterranean.
Syconium of fig?
The hollow receptacle which develops into a multiple fruit.
What is different from wild and cultivated figs?
Wild figs have an elaborate pollination process and cultivated figs are grown by cuttings.
What is a tree that grows a smaller fig-like fruit?
Banyan tree.
What is the paw paw family known as?
Annonaceae- 1 flower many ovaries.
What 5 fruits are in the annonaceae/ paw paw family
aggregate fleshy fruit
custard apple
sweetsop
soursop
cherimoya
Where is kiwi native to?
What time period is significant to kiwis?
China, used to be called chinese gooseberry
“Fruits of the 80’s”
What is pavlova?
A meringue dessert that commonly uses kiwis.
What is actinidin?
a chemical which tenderizes meat derived from kiwis.
Where is start fruit native to?
What is it?
indonesia. This fruit also has calcium oxalate crystals- sour taste harmful if consumed excessively from this fruit.
This is a berry.
where is guava native to?
What is it abundant in?
What is it?
Central america
vitamin C
berry- “Superfruit”
Same family as the bottlebrush plant.
Has red and white varieties.
Lower in sugar.
Where is banana native to?
What is it?
How is it produced?
Australia
Pseudo-Berry
Parthenocarpic- unfertilized mature ovary.
What religion is passion fruit associated with?
Christianity, due to it having 5 stamens, and 5 petals
10 decibels of jesus
flower corona looks like crown of thorns
purple- purple jesus robe
3 days for flower to bloom- 3 days to rise.
What is passion fruit?
A vine with tendrils, we eat the aril- the fleshy seed coat.
What is an aril?
Fleshy seed coat- what is eaten in passion fruit.
What is pomegranate in french?
What does it symbolize in asia?
What part is eaten and isn’t
Greek association?
What ethnicity introduced to the new world?
Grenade
Fertility and abundance
the aril is eaten, the hard brittle pericarp is not.
Persephone and winter association
introduced to new world by the spanish
Name 2 drupes and 3 drup-like fruits.
Mango & dates.
Avocado, rambutan, and lychee- drupe-like.
in what culture are date fruit significant?
bedoin people
They once had a food scarce event and date fruit kept them alive.
Dates are dioecious- male and female separate.
What are dates abundant in?
Tannins
Fiber
natural sugar
Where are dates grown
how are they commonly pollinated?
Dry areas
Helicopter will use male tree pollen and drop it on female trees.
they are currently working to make dates which do not need pollination.
What family is Anacardiaceae known as?
poison ivy family
- mangoes are in this family, recall their sap can cause blisters.
What is mango seed used for?
Medicinal- helps control bleeding.
What fruit is a symbol of hospitality to native americans?
Pineapple- origin in brazil.
What kind of fruit is pineapple?
A multiple fruit- parthenocarpic.
Also used in arrow poison concoctions.
Who discovered that pineapple grow very well in hawaii?
James dole.
Where is papaya native to?
What is the unripe use?
central america.
unripe used for latex also used for chewing gum and cosmetics.
