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PSYC 110 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes

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2
Q

Concepts

A

The mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people

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3
Q

Prototype

A

Typical, highly representative examples of a concept

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4
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning from the general specific

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5
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning from the specific to the general

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6
Q

Algorithms

A

A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem

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7
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Judging the probability of an event occurring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples

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8
Q

Problem Solving steps

A
  1. Preparing
  2. Producing
  3. Judging
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9
Q

Insight

A

A sudden awareness of the relationships among various element that had previously appeared to be unrelated to one another

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10
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to seek out and weight more heavily information that supports one’s initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypothesis or solutions

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11
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways

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12
Q

Language

A

The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules

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13
Q

Phonology

A

The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes

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14
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest units of speech

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15
Q

Interactional Approach

A

The view that language development is determined by genetic and social factors, produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and the social world in which one is raised

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16
Q

Intelligence

A

The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

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17
Q

G or g-factor

A

The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence

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18
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Reflects the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve problems, and find patterns

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19
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

The accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education

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20
Q

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

A

Howard Gardners theory that proposes there are 8 distinct spheres of intelligence

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21
Q

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Critical to juggling many pieces of information simultaneously and solving new problems

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22
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

Intelligence related to overall success in living

23
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

A set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

24
Q

Familial Intellectual Disability

A

Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological or genetic problems exist, but there is a history of intellectual disability among family members

25
Q

Motivation

A

Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

26
Q

Instinct Approach to Motivation

A

People and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to survival

27
Q

Drive Reduction approach to motivation

A

A lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need

28
Q

Arousal approach to motivation

A

People try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity

29
Q

Incentive approach to motivation

A

Motivations stems from the desire to attain external rewards, know as incentives

30
Q

Cognitive approach to motivation

A

Motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals

31
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Causes individuals to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete award

32
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Causes individuals to do something for the money, a grade, or some actual, concrete reward

33
Q

Self-actualization

A

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own way

34
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation

35
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

A

Both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus

36
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

Emotions are determined jointly by a non specific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues

37
Q

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

A

Facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions

38
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

39
Q

Periods of Birth

A
  1. First 2 weeks: germinal
  2. 2-8 weeks: embryonic period
  3. 8-birth: fetal period
40
Q

Attachment

A

The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

41
Q

Ainsworth Strange Situation

A

A sequence of events involving a child and their mother. Aims to classify the attachment behavior of toddlers upon reunion

42
Q

AuthoriTARIAN parents

A

Those who are rigid and punitive, and value unquestioning obedience from their children

43
Q

AuthoriTATIVE parents

A

Those who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them

44
Q

Pigets 4 stages

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
  2. Preoperational stage (2-7)
  3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-12)
  4. Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)
45
Q

Postconvential Morality

A

People accept that there are certain broad principles of morality that should govern our actions; and these principles are more critical than the particular laws in society

46
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

A period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society

47
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into mid-twenties

48
Q

Genetic Programming Theories of Aging

A

Our DNA genetic code includes a built in time limit to the reproduction of human cells and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time

49
Q

Wear and Tear theories of Aging

A

The mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently

50
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

51
Q

Disengagement Theory of Aging

A

Successful aging is characterized by a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels

52
Q

Activity Theory of Aging

A

Successful aging is characterized by maintaining the interests and activities of earlier stages of life

53
Q

Life Review

A

The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives

PSYC 110 (3 decks)

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