Exam 3 Flashcards
Cognitive Psychology
Psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes
Concepts
The mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people
Prototype
Typical, highly representative examples of a concept
Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the general specific
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from the specific to the general
Algorithms
A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem
Availability Heuristic
Judging the probability of an event occurring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples
Problem Solving steps
- Preparing
- Producing
- Judging
Insight
A sudden awareness of the relationships among various element that had previously appeared to be unrelated to one another
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to seek out and weight more heavily information that supports one’s initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypothesis or solutions
Creativity
The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways
Language
The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules
Phonology
The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes
Phonemes
The smallest units of speech
Interactional Approach
The view that language development is determined by genetic and social factors, produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and the social world in which one is raised
Intelligence
The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges
G or g-factor
The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
Reflects the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve problems, and find patterns
Crystallized Intelligence
The accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education
Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Howard Gardners theory that proposes there are 8 distinct spheres of intelligence
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Critical to juggling many pieces of information simultaneously and solving new problems
Practical Intelligence
Intelligence related to overall success in living
Emotional Intelligence
A set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions
Familial Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological or genetic problems exist, but there is a history of intellectual disability among family members
Motivation
Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
Instinct Approach to Motivation
People and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to survival
Drive Reduction approach to motivation
A lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need
Arousal approach to motivation
People try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity
Incentive approach to motivation
Motivations stems from the desire to attain external rewards, know as incentives
Cognitive approach to motivation
Motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals
Intrinsic Motivation
Causes individuals to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete award
Extrinsic Motivation
Causes individuals to do something for the money, a grade, or some actual, concrete reward
Self-actualization
A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own way
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
Both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
Emotions are determined jointly by a non specific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions
Developmental Psychology
Studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life
Periods of Birth
- First 2 weeks: germinal
- 2-8 weeks: embryonic period
- 8-birth: fetal period
Attachment
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
Ainsworth Strange Situation
A sequence of events involving a child and their mother. Aims to classify the attachment behavior of toddlers upon reunion
AuthoriTARIAN parents
Those who are rigid and punitive, and value unquestioning obedience from their children
AuthoriTATIVE parents
Those who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them
Pigets 4 stages
- Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
- Preoperational stage (2-7)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-12)
- Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)
Postconvential Morality
People accept that there are certain broad principles of morality that should govern our actions; and these principles are more critical than the particular laws in society
Generativity vs. Stagnation
A period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society
Emerging Adulthood
The period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into mid-twenties
Genetic Programming Theories of Aging
Our DNA genetic code includes a built in time limit to the reproduction of human cells and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time
Wear and Tear theories of Aging
The mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently
Alzheimer’s Disease
A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities
Disengagement Theory of Aging
Successful aging is characterized by a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
Activity Theory of Aging
Successful aging is characterized by maintaining the interests and activities of earlier stages of life
Life Review
The process by which people examine and evaluate their lives
