Exam 2 Flashcards
Consciousness
The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment
Sleep spindles
Happen in stage 2, interruptions of sharp waves
Length of the average sleep cycle
90 minutes
Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
Freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled
Dreams for Survival Theory
Info related to daily survival is reconsidered and reprocessed
Activation Synthesis Theory
The brain produces random electrical energy during R E M sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain
Sleep Apnea
The person has difficulty breathing while sleeping
1st step of hypnosis
The person is made comfortable in a quiet environment
Meditation
A learned technique for refocusing attention that beings about an altered state of consciousness
Psychoactive drugs
Those that influence a persons emotions, perceptions, and behavior
Biological drug dependence
The body cannot function without it
Psychological drug dependence
People believe they need the drug to respond to daily stress
Stimulants
Drugs that have an arousal effect on the CNS
Depressants
Drugs that slow down the nervous system
Hallucinogens
Drugs that are capable of producing alterations in perception, thoughts, and feelings
Narcotics
Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought by experience
Habituation
The decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
Extinction
A previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and disappears
Stimulus Discrimination
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another
Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an extinguished CS response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
Operant Conditioning
A voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on the responses favorable or unfavorable consequences
Reinforcer
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Punishment
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
Fixed Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
Variable Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses, but the reinforcement schedule in unpredictable
Shaping
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Behavior Modification
A technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning
Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
Observational Learning
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model
Memory
The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
Encoding
Recording information in a form usable to memory
Storage
The maintenance of material saved in memory
Retrieval
Locating material and bringing it into awareness do that it can be used
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
- Information
- Sensory memories
- Short term memories
- Long term memories
Working memory
A memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information
Primacy effect
Best remembered are items that come early
Regency Effect
Best remembered are items presented late
Declarative Memory
Factual information
Tip of Tongue Phenomenon
The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows
Recognition
Individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives
Recall
Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved
Explicit Memory
Intentional or conscious recollection of information
Implicit Memory
Memories of which people are not consciously aware of
Priming
occurs when exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information
Flashbulb Memories
Memories of a specific emotionally significant event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery
Repressed Memories
Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind pushed them into the unconscious
Interference
Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event
Anterograde Amnesia
Memory is lost for events that follow an injury
Sensory Memory
Can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed
In Pavlov’s study the ____ was the bell
Neutral
Decline
People who participate in sleep deprivation experiments show a ___ in logical reasoning ability
Chunking
Grouping of information that can be stored in short term memory
