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PSYC 110 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment

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2
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Happen in stage 2, interruptions of sharp waves

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3
Q

Length of the average sleep cycle

A

90 minutes

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4
Q

Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory

A

Freuds theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled

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5
Q

Dreams for Survival Theory

A

Info related to daily survival is reconsidered and reprocessed

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6
Q

Activation Synthesis Theory

A

The brain produces random electrical energy during R E M sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain

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7
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

The person has difficulty breathing while sleeping

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8
Q

1st step of hypnosis

A

The person is made comfortable in a quiet environment

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9
Q

Meditation

A

A learned technique for refocusing attention that beings about an altered state of consciousness

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10
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Those that influence a persons emotions, perceptions, and behavior

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11
Q

Biological drug dependence

A

The body cannot function without it

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12
Q

Psychological drug dependence

A

People believe they need the drug to respond to daily stress

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13
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that have an arousal effect on the CNS

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14
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that slow down the nervous system

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15
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that are capable of producing alterations in perception, thoughts, and feelings

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16
Q

Narcotics

A

Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety

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17
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought by experience

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18
Q

Habituation

A

The decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

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19
Q

Extinction

A

A previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and disappears

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20
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another

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21
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reemergence of an extinguished CS response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

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22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on the responses favorable or unfavorable consequences

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23
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

24
Q

Punishment

A

A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

25
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

26
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses, but the reinforcement schedule in unpredictable

27
Q

Shaping

A

The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

28
Q

Behavior Modification

A

A technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

29
Q

Cognitive Learning Theory

A

Learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

30
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning in which a new behavior is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

31
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model

32
Q

Memory

A

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information

33
Q

Encoding

A

Recording information in a form usable to memory

34
Q

Storage

A

The maintenance of material saved in memory

35
Q

Retrieval

A

Locating material and bringing it into awareness do that it can be used

36
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A
  1. Information
  2. Sensory memories
  3. Short term memories
  4. Long term memories
37
Q

Working memory

A

A memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information

38
Q

Primacy effect

A

Best remembered are items that come early

39
Q

Regency Effect

A

Best remembered are items presented late

40
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Factual information

41
Q

Tip of Tongue Phenomenon

A

The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows

42
Q

Recognition

A

Individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives

43
Q

Recall

A

Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved

44
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Intentional or conscious recollection of information

45
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Memories of which people are not consciously aware of

46
Q

Priming

A

occurs when exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information

47
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Memories of a specific emotionally significant event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery

48
Q

Repressed Memories

A

Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind pushed them into the unconscious

49
Q

Interference

A

Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information

50
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event

51
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Memory is lost for events that follow an injury

52
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed

53
Q

In Pavlov’s study the ____ was the bell

A

Neutral

54
Q

Decline

A

People who participate in sleep deprivation experiments show a ___ in logical reasoning ability

55
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping of information that can be stored in short term memory

PSYC 110 (2 decks)

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